Jonecis A. Dayap, Wilfred V. Rios, Joey S. Estorosos, John Michael B. Genterolizo, Ricky B. Villeta, and Mark Ian C. Andres
from the School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu, Philippines, wrote a research
paper about Analyzing Seasonal Water Quality Changes in Laguna Lake: A Factor Analysis Study entitled "Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis." This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
Laguna Lake is one of the lakes that largely contribute to the socio-economic and environmental needs of the Philippines as it supports fisheries and aquaculture, recreation, power generation, and industries. In this study, the two-year (2018-2019) water quality monitoring data from Laguna Lake Development Authority was subjected to multivariate factor analysis. Initially, the dataset was divided into two categories, representing the dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis was then performed in order to identify major contributing factors that significantly influence the water quality of the lake during dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis for the two data sets (dry and wet) was able to identify three factors, namely, nutrient pollutants, influential water quality and nitrification. Results showed that the nutrient factor constitutes the biggest impact with a variance of 23.6% on the lake’s water quality during dry season, following influential water quality (22.2%) and nitrification (20.3%). However the nutrient factor contributes the least impact with a variance of 15.1% on the quality of water during wet season while the influential water quality contributes the highest amount of variance (29.4%). Significant changes on BOD and pH were also observed between seasons. Hence, it can be recommended to have strategies for regular monitoring and maintenance of water quality in Laguna Lake. In addition, environmental programs, and policies concerning water, air, and land protection by stakeholders must be realized to ensure sustainability, and conservation of all forms of life particularly aquatic life species.
Read More Perceptions and practices of rice farmers in the lowland areas of Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao, Philippines | JBES 2023
Introduction
Surface water quality is a matter of critical concern in developing countries because of a growing population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization (Wang et al., 2018). Of all water bodies, lakes and rivers are the most vulnerable to pollution because of their role in carrying agricultural run-off, and municipal and industrial wastewater (Huang et al., 2010). Water quality experts and decision-makers are confronted with significant challenges in their efforts to manage surface water resources due to these complex issues (Elhatip et al., 2007).
According to the Department of Tourism (DoT) (2021), the Philippines is home to some of the most sought-after tourist destinations, with its cool and pristine bodies of water that offer a sense of freedom in the great outdoors. Among these destinations are enchanting rivers and serene lakes located in areas with magnificent geologic landforms. However, with the booming economy (Boquet, 2017) and the transformation of these places into urban settlements (Hölscher and Frantzeskaki, 2021; Concepcion, 1976) in response to increasing populations, water pollution has become a pressing issue. The government is taking steps to mitigate these problems through policies and programs such as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) (Miguel, 2019).
One example of this is the Laguna Lake, which is surrounded by key urban cities and agricultural lands that are supplied with water from rivers, creeks, and floodways, which are usually surrounded by densely populated areas (Cruz et al., 2012). Moreover, Laguna Lake is presently utilized as a catch basin (Santos‐Borja and Nepomuceno, 2006) when flooding due to naturally occurring phenomena like typhoons and heavy rains that happen mostly during wet seasons (Miguel, 2019). This, makes the water pollution in Laguna Lake (Barril et al., 1994; Barril and Tumlos, 2002) further complicated and the situation more problematic.
Hence, to better understand how the dynamics of water quality in Laguna Lake play out during different seasons (Garcia-Ferrer et al., 2003) a series of parallel measurements of seven (7) critical parameters (Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, pH level, Ammonia, Nitrate, and Inorganic Phosphate) were conducted during dry and wet seasons. Performing a series of various statistical approaches (inferential, correlational, and multivariate factor analysis) (Sevilla, Lee & Lee, 2010) to the critical parameters that define the water quality of the lake draws a quantified description of the situation. This study aims to determine which water quality parameters can provide a contrast between the wet and dry seasons. Furthermore, the study aims to determine the major contributing factors that affect Laguna Lakes’ water quality during wet and dry seasons. Check out more by following the link Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis
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