July 29, 2019

Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake | IJAAR

 By: WA Oyange, GN Chemining’wa, JI Kanya, PN Njiruh
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Rice farmers in Mwea Irrigation Scheme routinely apply P and N fertilizers which affect water nutrient levels. A study was conducted to establish the effects of nutrient N and P application on Azolla biomass accumulation. The study was conducted in a batch culture experiment, using 5g of fresh Azolla biomass samples from each of the six major paddy schemes namely: Mwea, Ahero, West Kano, Bunyala, TARDA, and Taveta.
Treatments consisted of 0 and 3mg P l-1 and 0 and 200mg N l-1, laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times.  Azolla samples were grown in batch culture plastic pots of 8.4 x 10-3m3 for 10 days using canal water, which was replenished every three days. Fresh Azolla biomass weight was recorded at 0, 5 and 10 days after inoculation. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package version 9.1 and means separated using the least significant difference test (p≤0.05). The pH levels in irrigation water averaged 7.2 while N, P and K levels were 20.2, 11.6 and 15ppm respectively. Tissue N and K for Azolla accession averaged 4.2% and 1.6% respectively. Biomass accumulation and doubling time of Azolla were significantly affected by exogenous P and N nutrient application. Doubling time ranged from 5.5 days to 6.7. Application N and P significantly reduced Azolla biomass accumulation and increased biomass doubling time.
 

Introduction

Azolla is a pteridophyte which forms a symbiotic association with a cyanobacterium-Anabaena azollae (Bocchi et al., 2010) and fixes nitrogen at a rate higher than legumes (Wagner, 1997). A study on Azolla has reported that Azolla contains 4.5% N, 0.4% P and 1.5- 3% K (Watanabe, 1989). In Mwea Irrigation Scheme, the existing species was found to contain 3.9% N, 0.44% P, and 1.08% K (unpublished). Azolla is capable of providing 40kg N ha-1 to the rice crop due to its nitrogen content which is released upon decomposition (Kannaiyan et al., 1982) reported that. This can reduce the cost of rice crop inorganic fertilizer, which constitutes 20% of rice production cost in Mwea Irrigation Scheme (Rice MAPP, 2012). In Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Azolla coverage is estimated at 30-50% during peak times and this is majorly dependent upon water availability (unpublished). Nutrient status and other environmental factors are major factors affecting Azolla biomass growth (Wagner, 1997). 
Extensive and intensive inorganic fertilizer use forms the primary source of the water nutrient status and eutrophication in water bodies (FAO/ECE, 1991). Depending on the levels, this can cause atmospheric, aquatic and ground water system pollution (Choudhury et al., 2005). Farmers in Mwea irrigation scheme apply estimated P and N fertilizer amounts of 58kg of P2O5 and 56kg of N per hectare respectively, based on recommendations by Wanjogu et al. (1997). These fertilizers applied contribute to the water nutrient status being conducive for Azolla growth. The nitrogen fixing ability of Azolla makes it able to grow in nitrogen deficient waters (Watanabe, 1979; Hussner, 2010). However, its growth is limited by the nutrient element P (Kitoh et al., 1993). Kondo et al. (1989) reported a maximum growth rate for Azolla under application of 3.1ppm P with a threshold limit of 0.5-0.6% P. 
The level of phosphorus in water bodies is varied and can be high due to fertilizer use and runoff. This can lead to Azolla blooms in paddies or flood waters. Depending on the water nutrient status, Azolla multiplies fast; doubling its biomass in less than 10 days and readily colonizes new areas (Campbell, 2011). Hussner (2010) reported a doubling rate of 3-10 days, while Kitoh (1993) reported a doubling rate of 2-3 days under laboratory conditions. The nutrient P is important for Azolla growth and reproduction (Sadeghi, 2012). Its deficiency has been shown to hinder the acetylene reduction activity (Tung et al., 1989). However, excess levels of nutrient P has been reported to have a negative effect on Azolla growth (Pitt et al., 2014). 
According to Rains et al. (1979), a P level of 0.34ppm is the lower threshold limit below which there is deficiency. Subudhi et al., (1981) reported that external P level of 5ppm is the higher threshold limit beyond which Azolla tissue N content is affected negatively. The nutrient N is important for Azolla growth but because of its N fixing ability, it is capable of growing in N free media (Hussner, 2010). External N has been shown to inhibit the activity of acetylene reductase activity (Yatazawa et al., 1980). Kitoh, 1991 showed that external ammonia N negatively affects Azolla growth and N fixation activity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of P and N on Azolla biomass growth and tissue N and P uptake, in Mwea Irrigation Scheme. Get the full articles and pdf at: Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 1-9, February 2019.

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International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.


Citation Sample

WA Oyange, GN Chemining’wa, JI Kanya, PN Njiruh.
Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake. Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 1-9, February 2019.

Reference

Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake

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July 27, 2019

Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds | JBES

By: Hanif Khan, Alam Zeb, Waqar Khan, Umer Zeb, Irfan Ullah, Kishwar Ali, Zahid Khan, Peng Zhao
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The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity.
Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. 
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JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper/manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel


It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds. Full articles with pdf at:
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 26-33, January 2019.

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Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.

Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds | JBES from Innspub Net

Hanif Khan, Alam Zeb, Waqar Khan, Umer Zeb, Irfan Ullah, Kishwar Ali, Zahid Khan, Peng Zhao. Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 26-33, January 2019. https://innspub.net/jbes/effects-roasting-total-phenolic-contents-radical-scavenging-activity-fruits-seeds/

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July 21, 2019

Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda | IJAAR

By: Kanaabi Michael, Tusiime, Geoffrey, Tukamuhabwa, Phinehas, Zziwa, Simon, JL Andaku, Lamo, Jimmy
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"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""
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Bacterial leaf streak disease (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzicola) is a devastating disease of rice that is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast. In 2014, researchers in Uganda confirmed the occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) in the country.
Having been only recently confirmed in the country, the agronomic response of rice genotypes to the disease has not been studied and therefore the extent of damage to rice due to bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) has not yet been estimated. A study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the agronomic response of rice genotypes with varying levels of reaction to BLS. Spray inoculation was done 30 days after planting and data collected on BLS incidence and severity starting 15 days after inoculation, then every 10 days for the next 40 days. Data were also collected on yield and yield components at maturity. A strong positive correlation (r=0.99) was found to exist between BLS AUDPC and loss in 1000 grain weight. Regression of AUDPC against yield loss was found to be highly significant (P=0.002), with a high coefficient of determination (R2-0.98). The study revealed that BLS caused yield losses of 0.8-19.2% and losses in panicle fertility of 2.1-13.6%. Source of the articles: Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(1), 1-10, January 2019.
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International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.


July 20, 2019

Detection of fungi associated with water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Iraq and their pathogenicity under controlled condition | JBES

By: Hurria Hussien Al-Juboory, Hussein Sadeq Musa
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JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper/manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel
The study was carried out in the laboratories at the Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University to isolate and identify the species of fungi that associated with water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. The samples were   collected from Tigris river side’s at Al- Kraat area in north of Baghdad, Iraq.
The presence ratios of fungi were recorded and their pathogenicity was tested.  Results of isolation and identification showed  the presence of fourteen fungi associated with water Hyacinth leaves including; Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus,  Aspergillus niger,  Drechslera sp.,  Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp.,  Fusarium solani,  Macrophomina   phaseolin,  Mucor sp., Mycelia Sterile Fungi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Ulocladium sp.,  Rhizopus  sp. and Trichoderma sp. at different percentages . However, the percentages of presence were deferent and the most frequently were A. alternata and Rhizopus sp. reached 76.33% and 80.40 % respectively.
The percentages of the other fungi were ranged between 4.25% -30.60 %.   It has been found that nine of these fungi, the more prevalent, showed  high capacity of inducing infection on Water hyacinth leaves at percentages ranged between44.4% – 100% compared with zero infection in control. Macrophomina   phaseolina, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizopus sp. were found to be the more pathogenic with disease severity attained to 100 %. Different symptoms were developed on the leaves inoculated with different fungi as spotting and wilting followed by leaves dryness. This is the first report for fungi associated with water hyacinth leaves at   Al-Kraat area in Iraq. Get the full articles at: J. Bio. Env. Sci. 12(2), 24-31, February 2018.

english language editing

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.
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