Scaling Management of Invasive Prosopis juliflora | JBES 2025

Filbert T. Meela,  From the institute of the,  Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania. Linus K. Munishi, From the institute of the,  School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania. Richard A. Giliba, From the institute of the, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania. Wrote a review article about, Scaling Management of Invasive Prosopis juliflora. Entitled, Challenges in scaling management of the invasive tree Prosopis juliflora: A review. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher

Abstract

Prosopis juliflora is an invasive tree species native to Central and South America, is listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive species, severely impacts biodiversity, soil chemistry, human livelihoods, and poses health risks, potentially endangering native species. Despite global efforts to control this species using mechanical, chemical, biological, and integrated methods, it continues to spread, suggesting current strategies are ineffective. This review evaluates the effectiveness of various management approaches and highlights challenges and lessons from global experiences. Findings reveal that management efforts have mostly been small-scale trials, with mechanical, chemical, biological, and integrated methods applied at 12%, 38%, 12%, and 17% scales, respectively. These strategies often fail due to their unsustainability, lack of follow-up, and poor documentation of scalable protocols. Prosopis juliflora‘s adaptability to diverse environments further complicates management. The review underscores the urgent need for sustainable strategies that account for environmental factors and community perceptions. It recommends developing tailored management plans for each country, raising awareness in affected regions, and integrating various control methods to improve effectiveness.

Introduction

Invasive plants are the species or strains that rapidly increase their spatial distribution by expanding into native plant communities (Zedler and Kercher, 2004). Invasive plants may exert a range of impacts on native communities, they can alter resource availability to native plants and fire regimes (Aslan and Rejmanek, 2012). These invasive plants can be introduced in a new area either intentionally or unintentionally and are likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. As trade and travel increase worldwide, invasive plant introductions continue to rise through different pathways such as trade and human movement (Mehta et al., 2007). Other drivers include wind, water, floods, birds, animal movements, and transport machines like cars and cargo ships (Hulme, 2009; Lyimo et al., 2009; Mortensen et al., 2009). Invasive plants not only destroy biodiversity but also soil chemistry, hydrology and lower human livelihood and may result in the extinction of native plants, alter the native species composition and spatial distribution (Foxcroft et al., 2006; Ngondya and Munishi, 2021; Rahman et al., 2010) and after establishment their management is often costly and ineffective in the long term (Clewley et al., 2012).

There are three fundamental management objectives when dealing with invasive species and these are as follows: prevention/exclusion; Early detection/rapid assessment; and Control/containment/eradication (Crowley et al., 2017; Mehta et al., 2007; Rejmánek, 2000). How to meet these objectives, in particular within political and economic limitations, is more a question of policy and technology (Mehta et al., 2007). By increasing resources to detect invasive species, managers may increase their chances of finding a species at a smaller population level, lessening the extent of damage and making subsequent control potentially less expensive and more effective (Mehta et al., 2007). Generally there are four methods employed in the control of the invasive plant species including the use of chemical, mechanical removal, biological method that involve release of herbivores and pathogens to manage the invasive plants (Seastedt, 2015; Zachariades et al., 2011) and integrated management which involve in cooperating all possible management approaches for control the invasive species (Ehi-Eromosele et al., 2013). The cost and time for managing these invasive alien plants (IAPs) vary depending on the level of invasiveness and the choice of the management options depending on the scale of invasion.

Management strategies targeting Prosopis juliflora have predominantly been trialed and implemented at a small scale (Shackleton et al., 2016a; Wise et al., 2012a). Despite these efforts, the effectiveness of these management approaches has been limited due to their unsustainable nature, time of intervention, no effective management practices available or not correctly implemented, failure to follow up, replacement by other IAPs, conflicts of stakeholder interests, and no restoration of desired land use. Additionally, once the projects were phased out, there was a lack of further implementation strategies. Prosopis juliflora hereafter referred to as P. juliflora has infiltrated around 54 million hectares worldwide (Shiferaw et al., 2022). It is now on the International Union Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list of the 100 worst invasive species (Mwangi and Swallow, 2008; Shiferaw et al., 2019; Simberloff and Rejmanek, 2019).

The effectiveness of the methods used, time spent in controlling and acceptance of the control methods used have not been systematically documented. Literature on this subject lacks documentation on the extent of efforts and their equity by geography and by types of methods to enable quantification of the magnitude of successes and challenges associated with the efforts taken to management. P. juliflora continues spreading where it is invasive which indicates that management strategies are not always successful. To fill this gap, this review paper focuses on different regions of the world that P. juliflora has colonized and examines whether the control methods applied were able to eradicate the species or reduce further spread. This involves reviewing the existing literature on the reasons for the introduction of P. juliflora, the negative impacts of P. juliflora, factors that contribute to the globally spread of P. juliflora, and control methods of P. juliflora. Further, the review discusses the challenges and lessons learned about the management strategies employed in fighting P. juliflora. This review paper acts as a prerequisite to decisionmakers to come up with a holistic approach to the management of P. juliflora and it provides an edge to prioritizing management options and a knowledge base for fighting against P. juliflora at different stages of invasion.

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Article source : Challenges in scaling management of the invasive tree Prosopis juliflora: A review     

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Climate Shapes Manganese-Rich Soils in Côte d’Ivoire | JBES 2020

Krogba Yves Nangah, Yao Kouman Nestor Kouakou,  Kouamé Antoine N’Guessan, and Albert Yao-Kouame, from the institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. Wrote a research article about, Climate Shapes Manganese-Rich Soils in Côte d’Ivoire. Entitle, Chemical variability of climate sequence of manganesiferous soil derived from volcano-sedimentary materials in Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences |JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher

Abstract

Knowledge of limiting factors is an important prerequisite for ensuring efficient agricultural production, agronomically, economically and environmentally. The objective of this study is to determine the basic physicochemical properties of manganiferous soils derived from volcano-sedimentary material under different climatic facets. Three sites on different climatic facets were prospected. An analysis of soil samples was carried out in order to determine the physicochemical parameters (water pH, exchangeable bases, CEC, organic matter, phosphorus). The results show that soils are acidic with pH <5.5. The available phosphorus is better supplied with contents greater than 20mg.kg-1, while the complex is strongly desaturated. This study has highlighted the existence of a marked climatic gradient for organic matter and CEC. These elements follow a decreasing trend, from the North (Savannah zone and Sudanese climate) to the South (forest zone and Attiean climate). The forest area (Guitry) in Attiean Climate remains better enriched in bases compared to the other zones studied. The influence of microclimatic conditions on pedogenesis is important in the individualization of Cambisols. 

Introduction

The soil is the physical and nutritive support of living beings on the surface of the continents, and, as a result, the life support of man. Although the man is in permanent contact with the ground, it is still, in many ways, a black box whose operation is still only partially known. The floors are constantly changing under the combined action of the flow of materials and energy, which, when applied to a parent material, gradually transforming the primary minerals into secondary components (Chadwick and Chorover 2001; Cornu, 2005). These permanent interactions give the soil a large spatial and temporal variability, which is difficult to grasp. This complexity characterizes natural environments and makes their study delicate.

Manganese soils in Côte d'Ivoire are mainly formed on volcano-sedimentary complexes. These volcanosedimentary complexes give rise to browned soils (Cambisols) (Perraud, 1971), and are under different climatic facets. The study of these soils has been limited to morphological characterization and the study of metallic trace elements (Nangah et al., 2019). This does not allow to apprehend the physicochemical environment that reigns in these soils. In addition, they also do not guide decision-making on the prevention of potential risks and the adoption of adequate cropping systems by the majority of the population, which is rural. However, failure to take into account the physico-chemical constraints of soils is detrimental to the exploitation of these, because, certain soil parameters play a preponderant role in the management of plant nutrition, and an adequate supply of nutrients. nutrients depend on their optimization (Troeh and Thompson, 2005). Knowledge of limiting factors is therefore an important prerequisite for ensuring efficient agronomic, economic and environmental agricultural production from reliable diagnoses (Dahnke and Olson 1990, Parent and Dafir 1992).

The objective of this study is to determine the basic physicochemical properties of manganese soils derived from volcano-sedimentary material under different climatic facets.

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Article source : Chemical variability of climate sequence of manganesiferous soil derived from volcano-sedimentary materials in Côte d’Ivoire

 

 

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Blood Meal Sources of Aedes aegypti in Benin | IJB 2023

Tchibozo Carine,  Yadouleton Anges,  Dramane Gado, Hounkanrin Gildas, Adewumi Praise, and Joest Hanna, from the institute of Benin. Wrote a research article about, Blood Meal Sources of Aedes aegypti in Benin entitled, Origin of the blood meal of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in five localities in Benin. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

With the aim of learning about the multiple origins of blood meal sources in Aedes aegypti in Benin, a study was conducted in five localities from the south to the north of the country (Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Calavi, Dassa and kandi) from June 2020 to October 2021 to capture adult populations of A. aegypti. To achieve this objective, BG-Sentinel and Aedes Gravid traps were set daily inside and outside four randomly selected concessions in each of the above-mentioned sites, three times a week for the duration of the study. Populations of blood-feeding A. aegypti mosquitoes were identified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. PCR results were confirmed by sequencing to identify the origin of the blood meal. Out of a total of 3,749 mosquitoes collected, Aedes aegypti (79.22%) and Culex quinquefaciatus (20.08%) were the two main species caught. With a total of 2,970 A. aegypti populations, 2,684 (71.7%) were non-blood-fed, compared with 286 (7.6%) blood-fed. For Culex quinquefasciatus, out of 753 populations caught, 733 (19.5%) were non-gorged versus 20 (0.5%) blood-fed. Research into the origin of the blood meal using the PCR technique showed that out of 1019 mosquitoes analyzed, 987 (96.8%) had taken their blood meal from humans. This result was confirmed by sequencing analysis of PCR-positive pools. The anthropophagous nature of A. aegypti confirmed by the sequencing results during this study remains an important clue in the implementation of arbovirus control strategies, particularly against A. aegypti mosquitoes in Benin. 

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization in 2016, several vector-borne diseases are caused by arthropods and the most important are found in subSaharan Africa. The main mosquito general responsible for these diseases are: Anopheles, Aedes and Culex.

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviruses such as dengue, zika, yellow fever and chikungunya. This highly hematophagous domestic mosquito is found in human dwellings and, is present in jars, abandoned cans, from northern to southern Benin throughout the year with risks of spreading dengue fever (Yadouleton et al., 2018). The recent and rapid spread of this mosquito to new geographical areas, including rural environments, means that it is considered a public health problem (WHO, 2016), Moreover, these blood-requiring mosquitoes most often develop a preference for the most available and stable source of blood (Roiberg and Gordon et al., 2005; O'Meara et al., 2020). The preference of mosquito vectors for a specific host for their blood meal undoubtedly affects the mosquitoes' ability to transmit pathogens.

Over the past decade, several cases of arboviruses, notably dengue, have been reported in sub-Saharan Africa, notably in Gabon (Abe et al., 2020), Côte d'Ivoire (Moi et al., 2010), Senegal (Faye et al., 2014) and Burkina-Faso (Ouédraogo et al., 2019), with over 1,500 cases recorded. The preference of mosquito vectors for a specific host for their blood meal surely affects the mosquitoes' ability to transmit pathogens. Consequently, understanding mosquito blood feeding patterns in different environments can help determine which host species can influence the maintenance and epidemic transmission of viruses. With this in mind, this study was carried out in 5 cities in Benin, in order to determine the origin of the blood meal in Aedes aegypti populations.

Article source : Origin of the blood meal of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in five localities in Benin   

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Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant Women: Antifungal Susceptibility Insights | IJMM 2025

Kpongbo Etienne Angora,  Matenin Ouattara,  Maurine Aline N’guiachi,  Salifou Koné,  N’drin Effoh, Vincent Djohan, Hervé Eby Menan, and  Adèle Kacou N’douba, from the institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. Wrote a research paper about, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant Women: Antifungal Susceptibility Insights. Entitle, Vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women at the university hospital of Angré, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology | IJMM.an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a frequent reason for consultation in gynecology. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant women, even though they may be asymptomatic. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile of vulvovaginal and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women at the university teaching hospital of Angré in Abidjan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the gynecology-obstetrics department of the Angré University Hospital from June to October 2024. Swabs were taken from Pregnant women for mycological analyses. Each sample was examined directly and cultured at 37°C on Sabouraud-Chloramphenicol medium. Candida yeasts were identified using Chromagar Candida medium or Vitek 2. Antifungal susceptibility was determined using the agar diffusion method with discs. Of total of 402 women included, 70 were positive on culture, representing an overall vaginal candidiasis carriage rate of 19.2%. The yeast species identified were Candida albicans (48.1%), Candida krusei (27.8%), Candida tropicalis (12.7%), and Candida glabrata (11.4%). Symptoms such as vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, and dyspareunia were statistically linked to Candida carriage (p<0.05). Non-albicans species showed low sensitivity to antifungal agents. Candida krusei was only 68% susceptible to amphotericin B and econazole while Candida tropicalis had low susceptibility. This study showed a relatively high frequency of Candida yeasts in pregnant women. The emergence of non- albicans with less susceptibility to the antifungal drugs highlights the importance of systematically screening pregnant women to better manage vulvovaginal candidiasis. 

Introduction

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common reason for gynecological consultations and ranks second after bacterial vaginosis (Sobel, 2007; Konaté et al., 2014). It is estimated that 75% of women experience at least one episode of candidiasis during their lifetime. Among these women, some will have several episodes and around 5 to 8% will develop recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), characterized by at least four confirmed episodes in a year (Achkar and Fries, 2010).

Certain risk factors for VVC are related to sexual activity, recent antibiotic use, immunosuppression attributable to conditions such as poorly controlled HIV infection or diabetes, and pregnancy (Benchellal et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2024). All of these factors contribute to an imbalance in the vaginal flora and the onset of clinical and biological symptoms. Pregnancy is the leading factor promoting CVV due to the hormonal changes observed (Ogouyèmi-Hounto et al., 2014; Blomberg et al., 2023). Candida species are part of the normal flora of the genital tract. In healthy asymptomatic non-pregnant women, these yeasts have been found in 20–30% (Achkar and Fries, 2010; Ghaddar et al., 2020). This situation only poses a danger to the fetus and newborn when the manifestations occur in a context of prematurity or when the prognosis may be lifethreatening (Hong et al., 2014; Duarte et al., 2024). When vaginal candidiasis is not asymptomatic, it can lead to vulvar pruritus and characteristic vaginal discharge. These symptoms may be associated with dysuria, dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, or vulvar burning (Gai et al., 2023).

Untreated, vaginal candidiasis can lead to chorioamnionitis with subsequent miscarriage and prematurity in pregnant women, or congenital infection of inflammatory disease in newborns and pelvic inflammatory disease in infertile women (Ahmad and Khan, 2009; Gedefie et al., 2025).

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is most often caused by the overabundance of an opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans (approximately 90%), which is a common member of the vaginal flora (Hussen et al., 2024). Moreover, the emergence of Candida species isolated from clinical samples, indicated that nonalbicans species were considered emerging fungal pathogens in pregnant women (Hussen et al., 2024; Gedefie et al., 2025). These yeasts are commensal species of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, but may be present in the vaginal tract of 20 to 30% of asymptomatic healthy women at any given time. If the balance between the colonizing yeast and the host is temporarily disrupted, Candida can cause infections such as vaginal candidiasis, associated with clinical signs of inflammation (Achkar and Fries, 2010). Candida albicans is known to be resistant to certain antifungal drugs and is generally treated with azole antifungals due to their low toxicity and availability (Dovnik et al., 2015; Whaley et al., 2016).

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a public health issue due to the morbidity associated with symptoms in women (Bitew and Abebaw, 2018). The prevalence varies from one country to another. In Côte d'Ivoire, some studies in women reported that the prevalence rate was higher than 28% from non-pregnant women (Djohan et al., 2012; Konaté et al., 2014). Few studies have focused on vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal and antifungal susceptibility pattern among pregnant women at the university teaching hospital of Angré in Abidjan.

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Article source : Vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women at the university hospital of Angré, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 

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Ethnobotanical Approaches to Malaria Vector Control | IJB 2025

Eloi Honvoh, Laboratory of Pluridisciplinary Researches of Technical Teaching (LaRPET), Normal High School of Technical Teaching (ENSET) of Lokossa, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM) of Abomey, P. O. Box 133 Lokossa, Benin. Nazaire Aïzoun, Laboratory of Pluridisciplinary Researches of Technical Teaching (LaRPET), Normal High School of Technical Teaching (ENSET) of Lokossa, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM) of Abomey, P. O. Box 133 Lokossa, Benin. Arlette Adjatin, Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Applied Botany (GEBBA), National High School of Applied Biosciences and Biotechnology (ENSBBA) of Dassa-Zoumè, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM) of Abomey, Benin.Crispus Tossa, Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Applied Botany (GEBBA), National High School of Applied Biosciences and Biotechnology (ENSBBA) of Dassa-Zoumè, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM) of Abomey, Benin. Daniel Chougourou, Department of Environment Genius, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.Wrote a research paper about, Ethnobotanical Approaches to Malaria Vector Control entitled, Ethnobotanical study for malaria vector control in Couffo department in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The use of chemical insecticides causes important damages to environment and human health and there is a need to search for alternative solutions. Field surveys were organized from September to November 2023 during the small raining season in districts of Aplahoué, Djakotomey, Dogbo, Klouékanmè, lalo and Toviklin in Couffo department. Two villages were chosen in each of these districts by taking into account the sociodemographic data and the diversity of plants. The locations where these villages were chosen in each district were: Kissamey (Aplahoué), Kokohoué (Djakotomey), Totchangni (Dogbo), Tchikpé (klouekanmey), Doko (Toviklin) and Banigbé (Lalo). Then, investigations were done using ethnobotanical questions. These questions concerned: local names of plants used, the different organs of plants used, the using forms and using modes of these plants in malaria vector control in the villages surveyed. The results showed that more than thirty (30) plants were used by the people of Adja region in malaria vector control. These plants were used as powder applied on the skin of people in order to avoid that the mosquitoes took their meals on their body. The fumigation was the most using mode of cited plant species. Ethnobotanical study is very important in a context of resistance of malaria vector to the main classes of insecticide used in public health. 

 

Introduction

Globally, in 2023, the number of malaria cases was estimated at 263 million, with an incidence of 60.4 cases per 1000 population at risk. This is an increase of 11 million cases from the previous year and a rise in incidence from 58.6 cases per 1000 population at risk in 2022. The WHO African Region continues to carry the heaviest burden of the disease, accounting for an estimated 94% of malaria cases worldwide in 2023. The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region has experienced a 57% increase in incidence since 2021, risingto 17.9 cases per 1000 population at risk in 2023 (World Malaria Report, 2024).

Globally, in 2023, the number of deaths was estimated at 597 000, with a mortality rate of 13.7 per 100 000. The number of malaria deaths and the mortality rate steadily decreased from 622 000 and 14.9 deaths per 100 000, respectively, in 2020. The WHO African Region continues to carry the heaviest burden of mortality, with 95% of estimated malaria deaths worldwide (World Malaria Report, 2024).

Conventionally, synthetic insecticides organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids temephos, fenthion, malathion, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were expensive, leaving a residual effect, adapting resistance, non-biodegradable, toxicity to non-target organisms (Anyaele and Amusan, 2003). These problems urged the researchers for an expeditious search for new alternatives. Botanical-based insecticides were currently one of the most promising approaches, much research currently being devoted to plant extracts for the development of sustainable botanical insecticides (Liang et al., 2015). Plant extracts contain a mixture of several chemical active ingredients and thus may be able to effectively kill the mosquito through a different mechanism (Pavela, 2015). For the past two decades, numerous researches have been conducted on the biological activity of plant extracts against larvae of mosquitoes and insects, in that few plant extracts were commercialized. This shows that plant extracts were environmentally safe, non-toxicity against humans and other organisms (Govindarajan et al., 2016).

Extracts from plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are biodegradable into nontoxic products and potentially suitable for use to control mosquitoes. Plant extracts in general have been recognized as an important natural resource of insecticides. Phytochemicals derived from plant sources can act as larvicides, insect growth regulators, repellents, and oviposition attractants and can play an important role in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases at the individual as well as at the community level (Govindarajan et al., 2008a; 2008b).

Very few researches were published on the ethnobotanical study for the control of mosquitoborne diseases in Republic of Benin. Therefore, there is a need to carry out new researches for this purpose.

The goal of this research was to study the ethnobotany for malaria vector control in Couffo department in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa.

Reference

Aïzoun N, Djèdatin G, Koukoui O, Chougourou D. 2022a. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) and Carica papaya linn (Caricaceae) leaves in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Benin, West Africa. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 9(9), 80-88.

Aïzoun N, Adjatin A, Koukoui O, Chougourou D. 2022b. Larvicidal activities of ethanolic extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Linn (Lamiaceae) and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) leaves and their phytochemical properties in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in South-western Benin, West Africa. Global Journal of Engineering and Technological Advances 12(02), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.12.2.0143.

Aïzoun N, Adjatin A. 2023. Repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Hyptis suaveolens linn. (Lamiaceae) and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) leaves in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Benin, West Africa. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10(9), 46-51.

Aïzoun N, Codjia S, Honvoh E, Chougourou D. 2025. Repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) and Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Benin, West Africa. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 14(01), 159-167.

Anyaele OO, Amusan AAS. 2003. Toxicity of  hexanoic extracts of Dennettiatripetala (G. Baxer) on larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). African Journal of Biomedical Research 6, 49-53.

Govindarajan M, Jebanesan A, Pushpanathan T. 2008a. Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of  Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. Parasitology Research 102, 289-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0761-y.

Govindarajan M, Jebanesan A, Pushpanathan T, Samidurai K. 2008b. Studies on effect of Acalypha indica  L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts on the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 103, 691-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1032-2.

Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Bhattacharyya A, Benelli G. 2016. Eugenol, apinene and ß-caryophyllene from Plectranthusbarbatus essential oil as ecofriendly larvicides against malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors. Parasitology Research 115(2), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4809-0.

Honvoh E, Aïzoun N, Adjatin A, Chougourou D. 2025. Comparison of larvicidal activities of ethanolic extract of six plants leaves in malaria vector control in Couffo department in south-western Benin, West Africa. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 12(1), 41-49.

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Pavela R. 2015. Acute toxicity and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the aromatic compounds of some essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae. Parasitology Research 114, 3835–3853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4614-9

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Article source : Ethnobotanical study for malaria vector control in Couffo department in south-western Republic ofBenin, West Africa 

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