Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential | IJB 2013

René G. Dègnon, Euloge S. Adjou, Clément Ahouannou, Edwige DahouenonAhoussi, Mohamed M. Soumanou,  and Dominique C.K. Sohounhloué, from the institute of Benin.  wrote a research paper about, Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential. Entitled, Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours from Ethmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Post-harvest fish conservation remains a recurring fishing industry problem in Benin. Etmalosa fimbriata is a non-oily fish commonly found on the Benin artisanal fisheries. Thus, this study aims to produce fish flour from Ethmalosa fimbriata and evaluate their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and their potential nutritional qualities. The results indicated that fish flours produced are high in protein content (53.84 ± 0.09%) and minerals such as phosphorus (0.48 ± 0.03 to 1.83 ± 0.01%), calcium (0.26 ± 0.04 to 3.02 ± 0.08%), magnesium (0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.05%) and iron (194.86 ± 0.06 to 246.82 ± 0.05 mg/kg). The results of the assessment of the sanitary quality of fish flour produced showed that the use of these fish whole alter the microbiological quality of flour produced and it would be better to use headless fish in feed formulation especially for children and immunodeficiency people 

 

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions (Tierney et al., 2010). The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applied to a group of related disorders that include marasmus, kwashiorkor, and intermediate states of marasmuskwashiorkor (Tierney et al., 2010). The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people, especially 30 to 50 million children under 5 years of age (Jildeh et al., 2010).

Fish and fish products have an important place in the diet of the people of West Africa (FAO, 2000). They are rich in proteins and the nutritional value of these proteins is comparable to that of the egg, milk and meat (Heen and Kreuzer, 1962).

In Benin, fishing has an important place in the national socio-economic balance as it sustains some 500,000 people and accounts for 3% of GDP (Tossou, 2010). Fishes are processed into various products to increase the bioavailability of its proteins. Among these products, fish flours appear to have a high nutritional value (FAO, 2006). However, the conservation of fish is very difficult due to the lack of adequate conservation system and post-harvest losses are estimated at about 20% (Anihouvi et al., 2005). Indeed, there are many problems related to the conservation of fish, such as microbiological deterioration and fat oxidation.

The most commonly used methods of preservation, are salting, drying, fish fermentation, fish smoking, refrigeration or freezing. Despite these methods, the full-time availability of this important resource of animal protein still persists and according to FAO (2000) the lack of protein in the diet of people is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies and affected many people in tropical countries. Traditionally, fish flours were produced to be used for food fortification, especially in animal protein deficient diets. However, these fish flours were not storable for a long duration due to problems of lipid oxidation, because the fishes used were often fatty fishes. Thus, the present work aims to produce fish flours using Bonga fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata) (figure 1), and evaluate their physicochemical, microbiological and nutritional qualities.

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Article source : Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours fromEthmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement   

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Analyzing Seasonal Water Quality Changes in Laguna Lake: A Factor Analysis Study

Jonecis A. Dayap, Wilfred V. Rios, Joey S. Estorosos, John Michael B. Genterolizo, Ricky B. Villeta, and Mark Ian C. Andres from the School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu, Philippines, wrote a research paper about Analyzing Seasonal Water Quality Changes in Laguna Lake: A Factor Analysis Study entitled  "Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis." This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Laguna Lake is one of the lakes that largely contribute to the socio-economic and environmental needs of the Philippines as it supports fisheries and aquaculture, recreation, power generation, and industries. In this study, the two-year (2018-2019) water quality monitoring data from Laguna Lake Development Authority was subjected to multivariate factor analysis. Initially, the dataset was divided into two categories, representing the dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis was then performed in order to identify major contributing factors that significantly influence the water quality of the lake during dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis for the two data sets (dry and wet) was able to identify three factors, namely, nutrient pollutants, influential water quality and nitrification. Results showed that the nutrient factor constitutes the biggest impact with a variance of 23.6% on the lake’s water quality during dry season, following influential water quality (22.2%) and nitrification (20.3%). However the nutrient factor contributes the least impact with a variance of 15.1% on the quality of water during wet season while the influential water quality contributes the highest amount of variance (29.4%). Significant changes on BOD and pH were also observed between seasons. Hence, it can be recommended to have strategies for regular monitoring and maintenance of water quality in Laguna Lake. In addition, environmental programs, and policies concerning water, air, and land protection by stakeholders must be realized to ensure sustainability, and conservation of all forms of life particularly aquatic life species.

Read More Perceptions and practices of rice farmers in the lowland areas of Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao, Philippines | JBES 2023

Introduction

Surface water quality is a matter of critical concern in developing countries because of a growing population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization (Wang et al., 2018). Of all water bodies, lakes and rivers are the most vulnerable to pollution because of their role in carrying agricultural run-off, and municipal and industrial wastewater (Huang et al., 2010). Water quality experts and decision-makers are confronted with significant challenges in their efforts to manage surface water resources due to these complex issues (Elhatip et al., 2007).

According to the Department of Tourism (DoT) (2021), the Philippines is home to some of the most sought-after tourist destinations, with its cool and pristine bodies of water that offer a sense of freedom in the great outdoors. Among these destinations are enchanting rivers and serene lakes located in areas with magnificent geologic landforms. However, with the booming economy (Boquet, 2017) and the transformation of these places into urban settlements (Hölscher and Frantzeskaki, 2021; Concepcion, 1976) in response to increasing populations, water pollution has become a pressing issue. The government is taking steps to mitigate these problems through policies and programs such as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) (Miguel, 2019).

One example of this is the Laguna Lake, which is surrounded by key urban cities and agricultural lands that are supplied with water from rivers, creeks, and floodways, which are usually surrounded by densely populated areas (Cruz et al., 2012). Moreover, Laguna Lake is presently utilized as a catch basin (Santos‐Borja and Nepomuceno, 2006) when flooding due to naturally occurring phenomena like typhoons and heavy rains that happen mostly during wet seasons (Miguel, 2019). This, makes the water pollution in Laguna Lake (Barril et al., 1994; Barril and Tumlos, 2002) further complicated and the situation more problematic.

Hence, to better understand how the dynamics of water quality in Laguna Lake play out during different seasons (Garcia-Ferrer et al., 2003) a series of parallel measurements of seven (7) critical parameters (Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, pH level, Ammonia, Nitrate, and Inorganic Phosphate) were conducted during dry and wet seasons. Performing a series of various statistical approaches (inferential, correlational, and multivariate factor analysis) (Sevilla, Lee & Lee, 2010) to the critical parameters that define the water quality of the lake draws a quantified description of the situation. This study aims to determine which water quality parameters can provide a contrast between the wet and dry seasons. Furthermore, the study aims to determine the major contributing factors that affect Laguna Lakes’ water quality during wet and dry seasons. Check out more by following the link  Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis

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