Fungal Pathogens of Groundnut Across Senegal | IJMM 2026

Marius Mintu Diedhiou  Nalla Mbaye, Alioune Sall,  Alhousseynou Sarr,  Cheikh Dieye,  Mamadou Mboup,  Maodo Malick Cisse and Papa Madiallacké Diedhiou, from the institute of the Sénégal. Wrote a research article about, Fungal Pathogens of Groundnut Across Senegal. Entitled, Distribution of fungal pathogens of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) across the agro-ecological zones of Senegal. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology | IJMM. an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In Senegal, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the main sources of income for rural farming households. Despite its importance, production is increasingly compromised by various pests-most notably phytopathogenic fungi. These organisms pose a dual threat, undermining agricultural yields while simultaneously jeopardizing consumer safety through mycotoxin. The incidence and spatial dissemination of fungal pathogens are closely tied to the specific environmental and climatic parameters of the cultivation area. This present study was therefore carried out through surveys, to diagnose the main fungal diseases of groundnut throughout the main production areas in Senegal. The surveys were conducted in six regions (Ziguinchor, Kolda, Tambacounda, Kaffrine, Louga and Thiès), covering the four peanut producing agro-ecological zones of the country, namely the Groundnut Basin Agricultural Zone, the Ferlo Sylvo-Pastoral Zone, the Central and Southeastern Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Zone, and the Southern Forest Zone (Casamance). In each region, three sites were visited and, for each site, five fields were surveyed. Disease incidence and severity were recorded for all symptomatic plants displaying cercospora leaf spot and rust. In cases where field identification was inconclusive, representative samples were collected for subsequent laboratory isolation and fungal characterization. The results led to the identification of 19 fungal genera associated with 15 types of symptoms: Curvularia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Macrophomina, Alternaria, Bipolaris, Rhizopus, Nigrospora, Cercospora, Phomopsis, Gliocladium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Phoma, Cladosporium, Lasiodiplodia and Puccinia. The most frequent genera were Curvularia (27.23%), Colletotrichum (20.59%) and Fusarium (15.10%). Cercospora leaf spot and peanut rust were the predominant diseases in the Groundnut Basin. Their severity level reached up to 51.83% for cercospora leaf spot and 29.33% for peanut rust. This study highlights the diversity of fungal diseases associated with groundnut and provides a scientific basis for the development of management strategies.

Introduction

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a member of the Fabaceae family originating from southern Bolivia and northern Argentina (Stalker, 2017). It is cultivated in more than 100 countries (Ntare et al., 2008) and ranks fourth among the most widely cultivated oilseed crops in the world, with a production of 57.56 million tons in 2024 (FAOSTAT, 2025b).

More than half of the global production comes from China and India, followed by Nigeria and the United States, with much lower production levels (FAOSTAT, 2025a). According to FAOSTAT (2026), Senegal was the world's seventh-largest groundnut producer in 2024. In Senegal, groundnut is cultivated mainly in the Groundnut Basin and the southern regions (DAPSA, 2023). It is a crop of great economic and strategic importance as it represents one of the main sources of income for rural households (ANSD, 2021). Peanut is the leading cash crop in terms of cultivated area, with 1,225,172 hectares (i.e., 70% of the area devoted to cash crops), and in terms of production volume, with 1,501,498 tons in 2022 (DAPSA, 2023). In January 2023, Senegal’s export volume increased by 32.3% due to a strong substantial shipments of unroasted groundnuts, with a monetary value rising from 1.2 billion CFA francs to 46.0 billion CFA francs (ANSD, 2023). The production is intended for household consumption, but also for both industrial and artisanal oil processing of oil (Noba et al., 2014). Groundnut kernels contain, on average, 48 to 50% oil and 26 to 28% protein and represent a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins (Ntare et al., 2008). Alongside groundnut haulms, the press cake is extensively used as a high-protein feed supplement for livestock (Schmidt and Mejia, 2014).

However, despite its importance for the country, the yields are still low (around 1.3 t/ha) compared to countries like China and Argentina, with 4 t/ha and 3.4 t/ha, respectively (FAOSTAT, 2025b). These low yields could be attributed to different factors such as poor climatic conditions and associated weather phenomena (irregular rainfall), as well as the limited use of organic and mineral fertilizers on soils that are often very poor (CIRAD, 2021).

In addition to these abiotic constraints, groundnut is subjected to a strong pest pressure, which represents the main constraint to its production (Surendra et al., 2015). Various phytopathogenic fungi are responsible for diseases affecting groundnut. Among these fungal agents, the genus Cercospora (responsible for early and late leaf spot) and the genus Puccinia (responsible for peanut rust) have been extensively studied. The symptoms caused by these pathogens are observed on leaves, with a reduction of the photosynthetic capacity of the plant in addition to competition for plant metabolites (Zinsou et al., 2019). In addition to these two major diseases, other foliar diseases are commonly observed on this crop. Therefore, a good understanding of the disease pressure and the causal agents in the different production basins should form the backbone of an efficient control strategy and represents an important step towards improving of productivity and competitiveness.

The present study was therefore conducted with the objectives of identifying and characterizing the fungal pathogens of groundnut, as well as determining the incidence and severity of the two main diseases affecting this crop, namely leaf spot and groundnut rust, in different agro-ecological zones of Senegal.

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Article source : Distribution of fungal pathogens of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) across the agro-ecological zonesof Senegal

 

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Calendula Extract Cytotoxicity in Mouse Fibroblasts | IJB 2024

N. J. Nagaraj, from the institute of the India. S. Pallavi, Nagaraj from the institute of the India. Wrote a research article about, Calendula Extract Cytotoxicity in Mouse Fibroblasts. Entitled, Cytotoxic activity of Calendula officinalis extract on 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line using MTT assay- An in vitro study. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Calendula officinalis (CO) is often known as the Pot marigold. It is a common topical therapy in homoeopathic medicine. It contains quercetin, carotenoids, lutein, lycopene, rutin, ubiquinone, xanthophylls, and other antioxidants. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and analgesic properties. The pulp and periapical tissues are in contact with intracanal medications employed during root canal therapy. For any novel material to be used in clinical scenarios, the material’s cytotoxicity must be assessed. Hence this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of a novel herbal intracanal medication on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts using the Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium test (MTT assay) (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The CO aqueous extract was utilized for the cytotoxicity test. The 3T3 fibroblast cells were treated by CO in different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml) for 48-hour incubation period. Cell viability was determined with MTT assay. CO showed no cytotoxicity when used in less concentration and at highest concentration of 10% showed little cytotoxicity. At optimal concentration, the CO medication showed low cytotoxic effects, indicating that it is safe to use. 

Introduction

The fundamental goal of endodontic therapy is to eliminate pathogens from the root canal system. The root canal system's anatomical complexity may harbor leftover bacteria that withstand biomechanical preparation and result in recurrent periapical infections. The selection of disinfecting agents is critical in achieving a successful longterm endodontic therapy. Intracanal medicaments play a major role in disinfection of root canal system by neutralising endotoxins, preventing microbes from entering through saliva, reducing pain and inflammation, and fostering an environment that promotes hard tissue healing (Kandaswamy et al., 2010).

Intracanal medications, which are utilised in endodontic therapy, come into close contact with living pulpal and periapical tissue cells, promoting both periapical tissue healing and repair (Zapata, 2022).

Recent trend towards herbal agents with antibacterial effects due to the hazardous side effects of synthetic medications and the growing number of antibioticresistant strains has gained popularity in the medical field (Vaou et al., 2021).

Calendula officinalis (CO), frequently referred to as 'Pot Marigold', belongs to the Asteraceae family. The "Food and Drug Administration" (FDA) and the "Flavours and Extracts Manufacturers Association" (FEMA) have recognized the safety of plant parts and dried flowers used as spices. CO exerts several therapeutic effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, cardio protective, gastro protective and wound healing properties (Nagaraj et al., 2022).

CO can be utilized as an intracanal medicament for long-standing periapical lesions due to its higher resistance to root dentin fracture when compared to calcium hydroxide (Nagaraj et al., 2020). Yalgi et al. demonstrated the antibacterial activity of CO as a root canal irrigant against Streptococcus mutans. Because of its antibacterial qualities, shown excellent results in eradicating microbes and can be utilized as an alternative disinfecting agent (Yalgi et al., 2020). Though this plant has been extensively studied, very few studies have examined the cytotoxic effects of CO in dentistry.

The biocompatibility of a material used for the replacement or filling of biological tissue like teeth always had high concern for patients within the health care disciplines. For any material to be used for clinical scenario the cytotoxicity evaluation of the material has to be tested (Shahi et al., 2019). Hence, this in vitro study was done to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of CO in 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines.

Reference

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Article source : Cytotoxic activity of Calendula officinalis extract on 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line using MTTassay- An in vitro study 

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Science Intervention Materials and Student Performance | IJB 2025

Maribel D. Bisnar, Mark Anthony T. Pitogo, Angierose C. Morales, Cecille N. Gementiza,  and Dr. Mauricio S. Adlaon, from the institute of the Philippines. Wrote a research article about, Science Intervention Materials and Student Performance. Entitled, Evaluating the effectiveness of the teacher-created science strategic intervention materials on enhancing grade 12 student performance in descent with modification. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the teacher-made science strategic intervention materials to enhance the academic performance of the Grade 12 students in intervening the least learned competency focusing on the descent with modification topic. The respondents consisting of fifteen students (15) were given an intervention on the identified lowest least-learned competency. The fifteen (15) items of a teacher-made questionnaire in pre-test and post-test were used in collecting data for the study. The study revealed a significant difference between the pre-test (45.33) and post-test (75.56) scores of the respondents in the descent with modification topic having a t-test score of -7.41 at .000 significant level of performance. This implies that the strategic intervention material (SIM) was significantly effective in intervening the least learned competency in Biology II subjects.

Introduction

The purpose of including science in the curriculum is to attain a level of "scientific literacy" among the populace to allow them to engage as members of contemporary societies. The goal of science is to provide every Filipino student with a useful comprehension of scientific ideas and concepts applied to actual circumstances, as well as get scientific abilities, perspectives, and principles required to assess and resolve daily issues (A Framework for K-12 Science Education Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas, 2012). Teachers can use assessment data to create individualized plans for struggling students, thereby personalizing a student's learning journey (Diaz, 2023). By leveraging assessment data, educators can tailor instruction to meet the specific needs of each student, fostering a more effective learning environment.

The Department of Education (DepEd) has lobbied for the modification of the laws as part of the government's efforts to address the perceived requirements of the education sector. They use the "Enhanced K to 12 Basic Education Program" to implement a basic education curriculum (Capate and Lapinid, 2015). Teachers must be sufficiently creative to meet the needs of their students considering the changes to the basic education curriculum. To raise the standard of education in the Philippines, educators must work twice as hard. DepEd also recommended a curriculum known as Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) after considering these factors. The purpose of introducing this educational material was to enhance students' performance across several subject areas. Its main goal is to support elementary and secondary students' successful learning in public schools. In addition, the teachers received training and a workshop on creating this instructional material through the DepEd Memorandum No. 117, series of 2005.

Strategic Intervention Materials (SIMs) in science are instructional materials designed to improve the academic performance of learners. These materials are used to teach basic concepts and skills, particularly in areas where students may have difficulty mastering competencies during regular classroom activities. SIMs are created based on the learning competencies that students need to improve and are intended to increase their academic performance in science. They can be in various formats, including electronic materials, and are used to aid both traditional and online learning. Studies have shown that SIMs can be effective in improving the academic performance of learners in science (Acera, 2022).

The first quarter examination results show that the achievement rate for grade 12 students in the Magpayang National High School, School Year 2023– 2024 is 10%, which is less than the 75% passing rate. This demonstrates that remedial instruction on a regular basis, more teaching resources, and instructional techniques like peer grouping are insufficient to remedy low performance in certain areas (Dy, 2011). Nevertheless, having enough and readily available instructional resources makes science instruction more effective. It is the duty of the science teacher to provide and supply the resources needed for science classes.

This study aims to find out the effectiveness of using Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) in intervening with the least learned competency in Biology II subject focusing on descent with modification. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the least learned learning competencies in Biology II for the first quarter of the school year 2023-2024? 2. What is the level of performance of the students as measured in pre-test and post-test? 3. Is there a significant difference between the pretest and post-test of the students after using the Strategic Intervention Material (SIM)? The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of teacher-created science Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) to intervene the leastlearned competency in Biology II subject focusing on descent with modification topic. This was conducted at Magpayang National High School in the first quarter of the school year 2023-2024. Thirty (30) grade 12 students were the study's respondents. To address the research topics, a one-group pre-testpost-test research design was used. Furthermore, a 15-item test questionnaire created by the researcher was used to evaluate the student’s performance.

Reference

Acera FS. 2022. The use of strategic intervention material in science (SIM-S) in improving the academic performance of the learners. International Journal of Arts and Social Science 5(4), 69-77.

A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. 2012. http://www.nap.educ/read/13165/chater/115

Bunagan F. 2012. Strategic Intervention Material. Retrieved March 22, 2018. http://www.Slideshare.Net/Felixbunagan/Strategicinterventionhttp:/84.22.166.132/Learning-And-Teaching-Guide/Deep-And-surfaceapproachesLearning.html

Capate RN, Lapinid MR. 2015. Assessing the Mathematics Performance of Grade 8 Students as Basis for Enhancing Instruction and Aligning with K to 12 Curriculum. Retrieved March 28,  2018.

Diaz A. 2023. How to Utilize Assessment Data in the Classroom. August 14, 2023.

Dy S. 2011. Instructional Materials in Teaching Science: recent British experience, Journal of Classroom Teaching 33, 5, 29-44. 

Article source : Evaluating the effectiveness of the teacher-created science strategic intervention materialson enhancing grade 12 student performance in descent with modification 

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Wheat Performance Under Integrated Nutrient Management | IJB 2021

Rojina Akter, Depertment of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, TCRSC, Munshigonj, Bangladesh. Md. Rashedul Islam, Depertment of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, RARS, Barishal-8211, Bangladesh. Mustafa Kamal Shahadat,  Depertment of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, OFRD, Khulna, Bangladesh. Meherunnesa Tamanna, Dept. of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Mostarak Hossain Munshi, Depertment of Dept. of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Wrote a research article about, Wheat Performance Under Integrated Nutrient Management. Entitled, Performance of Wheat As Influenced By Integrated Nutrient Management.  This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barisal during Rabi season of 2016-2017 and 2017-18 to find out the suitable combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers with proper planting technique in a randomized complete block design. Nine treatments viz.T1=100%of RF+Bio-slurry 0 tha-1,T2= 100% of RF+Bio-slurry 5 tha-1,T3=100% of RF+Bio-slurry10tha-1,T4=50% of RF+ Bio-slurry 0 tha-1,T5=50%of RF+Bio-slurry 5tha-1,T6=50% of RF+Bio-slurry10tha-1,T7=75% of RF +Bio-slurry 0tha-1,T8=75% of RF+Bio-slurry 5tha-1,T9=75% of RF + Bio-slurry 10tha-1. The result revealed that when 100% recommended dose of fertilizers was used with 10 tha-1 of bio-slurry gave the highestyield (3.96 and 3.86 tha-1) which was statistically similar to the yield (3.91 and 3.84tha-1) in T9 treatment where 10tha-1 of bio-slurry was applied with 75% of recommended fertilizers.

Introduction

Wheat (Triticumaestivum) belongs to the Graminae family, is one of the most important grain crops in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, per annum demand for wheat is 7.70 m tons, but its production is only 1.15 m tons. The average production per hectare is only 3.38 tons (BBS, 2017). Hence, the production is much lower than demand. This lower yield is due to a lack of balanced fertilizers as well as rice-based cropping patterns. The soil fertility status of Bangladesh soil is degraded day by day. More than 60% of our cultivated soil contains organic matter at a low level (<1.7%) (FRG, 2012). According to an appraisal report of Bangladesh soil resources, soils of about 6.10 m ha contain very low (less than 1%) organic matter, 2.15 m ha contain low (1-2%) organic matter and the remaining 0.90 ha contain more than 2 % organic matter (Mondal, 2000).Maintenance of soil fertility is a must for long-term sustainable crop production.Soil fertility and nutrient availability are closely connected to the soil's organic matter content and its mineralization (Zech, 1996). Soil chemical, physical and biological properties are also altered by manure applications and it seems possible that long-term manure applications could change nutrient release patterns significantly (Haynes and Naidu 1998). So, the application of organic matter is essential for maintaining soil fertility. Wheat is sensitive to nutrient stress. Bio-slurry is one of the organic sources which have been obtained as a by-product of fermented biogas generated through the anaerobic decomposition of various organic materials that can be used for crop production (Abubakar, 2012; Haque etal.,2015). Very little research work on bio-slurry was conducted in the world. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the suitable combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers for higher yield and economic return. 

Reference

Abubaker J. 2012. Effects of fertilization with biogas residues on crop yield, soil microbiology and greenhouse gas emissions. PhD thesis, Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p 1–79.

Akanbi WB, Togun AO, Adediran JA, Ilupeju DE. 2010. Growth, dry matter and fruit yields components of okra under organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4, 1-13.

BBS. 2017. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, Statistics Division.

Bonten LT, Zwart KB, Rietra RP, Postma R, De Haas MJ, Nysingh SL. 2014. Bio-slurry as fertilizer: is bio-slurry from household digesters a better fertilizer than manure? A literature review.  Alterra report 2519. Alterra Wageningen UR, Wageningen, p 50.

Caravaca F, Lax A, Albaladejo J. 1999.  Organic matter, nutrient contents and cation exchange capacity in fine fractions from semiarid calcareous soils. Geoderma 93, 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00045-2

FRG. 2012. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farmgate, Dhaka, p 58-60, 259.

Gaur AC, Neblakantan S, Dargan KS. 1984. Organic manures ICAR. New Delhi. 159.

Haque MA, Jahiruddin M, Rahman MM, Saleque MA. 2015. Usability of bioslurry to improve system productivity and economic return under potato-rice cropping system. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2(1), 27-33.

Haynes RJ, Naidu R.1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agro Ecosystems 51, 123-137.

Mondal. 2000. Project report, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,Bio-slurry management and its effect on soil fertilizer and crop production, p 5.

Zebider A. 2011. The contribution of biogas production from cattle manure at household level for forest conservation and soil fertility improvement.  MScthesis, Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Zech W. 1996. Patterns and regulations of organic matter transformation insoils: litter decomposition and humification. Flux control in biological systems: from enzymes to populations and ecosystems, p 303-334.

Article source : Performance of Wheat As Influenced By Integrated Nutrient Management 

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Layawan River: Resources, Issues and Water Quality | JBES 2025

Princess Krishyll B. Andong,  Christine Marie V. Casal,  Wella T. Tatil, and Armi G. Torres, from the different institute of the Philippines. Wrote a research article about Layawan River: Resources, Issues and Water Quality. Entitle, Layawan River, Polanco, Zamboanga Del Norte, Philippines: Resource utilization, environmental issues and water quality. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The Layawan River is a vital freshwater ecosystem in Polanco, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. The Integrated Watershed Management Plan of Layawan River targets to establish conservation and protection efforts. However, information crucial for its management and conservation remains scarce. This study assessed the resource utilization, environmental issues and water quality along the lower reaches of Lawayan River in Polanco. The river supports subsistence fisheries and sand-gravel quarry industry and provides water for agricultural (irrigation) and domestic (cleaning, washing clothes, and bathing) use. Along with its contribution to the community lies the associated threats it faces. It is mainly threatened by unregulated disposal of garbage, sand and gravel quarry, and open defecation. While majority of the water quality parameters passed the national standard, concerns arise with its high phosphates, total suspended solids (TSS) and total coliform counts. Phosphates readings from 0.099 to 0.144 mg/L failed the 0.025 mg/L threshold, indicating excessive nutrients. TSS values reached up to 109 mg/L, exceeding the 50 mg/L limit. Total coliform counts ranging from 3,700 to 35,000 MPN/100 mL are appalling, indicating potentially extreme fecal contamination and posing health risk to the public. Efforts for sustainable management of Layawan River should focus on strict implementation and enforcement of environmental laws (e.g., R.A. 9275 Clean Water Act; R.A. 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management), monitoring of water quality, IEC campaigns to raise the level of awareness and participation of the community, reforestation of riparian zones, and mitigation measures to address the potential health risk to the public.

Introduction

Rivers are significant in all aspects, whether historically, culturally, biologically, or geologically (Cuivillas et al., 2016), and are essential to human survival (Basak et al., 2021).

Living in a world with diminishing freshwater resources impacts human well-being and affects vital life-support systems at our end (Albert et al., 2021). Having healthy rivers is crucial (Grill et al., 2019), for it is considered the lifeblood of humans (Basak et al., 2021).

The first-ever worldwide evaluation of the planet's surviving free-flowing rivers found that one-third (37%) of the world's longest rivers remain freeflowing, highlighting severe ecological degradation (Grill et al., 2019). The State of Global Water Resources Report 2022 also revealed that the global catchment areas display an alteration from normal conditions and are observed as drier than usual (World Meteorological Organization, 2023).

Nearly 27% of freshwater species are in danger of extinction, and the rate of wetland loss, which includes rivers, is three times faster than that of forest decline (Stefanidis and Papastergiadou, 2024). In recent studies, 25% of the world’s freshwater fauna, including fish, are threatened with extinction (Sayer et al., 2025). However, despite their essential contribution to the well-being of humans and their necessity to global biodiversity (Darwall et al., 2018), freshwater ecosystems are deemed to have less research embarking and conservation efforts when compared to both terrestrial and marine environments (Escatron et al., 2022). Hydrological alterations, overexploitation, habitat degradation and loss, pollution, invasive species, and the multiple impacts of climate change are a few of the causes of these freshwater declines (Darwall et al., 2018; Sayer et al., 2025).

The growing human population and socioeconomic activities are the major contributors to the rising nutrient loads and pollutants, leading to severe deterioration of water quality across different countries worldwide (Albert et al., 2021). Changes brought about by humans also significantly impact the provision of ecosystem services, which affects human welfare. Hence, conservation management must be implemented to enhance biodiversity, ecological quality, and the availability of clean water and other ecosystem services for human use (Stefanidis and Papastergiadou, 2024). River evaluation and threat identification are essential to rehabilitate and protect them adequately (Magbanua et al., 2023).

Bohnet (2014) highlights that public perception and awareness of clean water are considered requisite parts of effective water resource management. To safeguard our freshwater ecosystem effectively, monitoring and managing it fairly to identify contaminants, address and control their effects, and assess the effectiveness of the existing environmental policies and protection programs for welfare and well-being is important.

In the Philippines, Layawan River is considered one of the sub-watersheds and serves as the primary source of sand and gravel in Zamboanga del Norte. In 2008, the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Region 9 classified Layawan River as a Class A water body. A Class A classification is a Public Water Supply Class II intended as sources of water supply requiring conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) to meet the latest Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water (DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08). Cuivillas et al. (2016) found that the river's water quality may be treated for potable use and is generally safe for recreational uses like swimming and bathing.

Human interventions over the years significantly contributed to the state of the Layawan River, making it a critical freshwater ecosystem. According to the Integrated Watershed Management Plan of Layawan River (IWMP), one of its goals is to establish a dependable environmental conservation and protection measure in response to the need for the earth's global biosphere rehabilitation. However, there are limited studies on the current environmental condition of Layawan River. This study aimed to address these gaps by assessing the current utilization, threats, and water quality of the Layawan River, Zamboanga del Norte. This also provides valuable insights for improving the existing management strategies and policies of the Layawan River and ensuring that Layawan River is managed sustainably to maintain its biodiversity, secure this multiple-use resource for future generations, and prevent health risks to the community. This assessment aligns with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.6, which seeks to protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers, and lakes. Additionally, it supports SDG Target 15.1, which focuses on conserving and restoring the terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem for sustainable use.

Reference

Abbas AF, Aylan RA. 2020. Effect of electrofishing on some fish species in Qarmat Ali River and East Hammar marsh, Basrah, Iraq. MARSH BULLETIN 15(2), 117–126.

Albert JS, Destouni G, Duke-Sylvester SM, Magurran AE, Oberdorff T, Reis RE, Winemiller KO, Ripple WJ. 2020. Scientists’ warning to humanity on the freshwater biodiversity crisis. Ambio 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01318-8

Basak SM, Hossain MS, Tusznio J, Grodzińska-Jurczak M. 2021. Social benefits of river restoration from an ecosystem services perspective: A systematic review. Environmental Science and Policy 124, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.06.005

Bohnet IC. 2025. Lessons learned from public participation in water quality improvement planning: A study from Australia. Society and Natural Resources 28(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.941446

Boyle R. 2023. How does deforestation speed up the process of soil erosion? www.emission-index.com. https://www.emission-index.com/deforestation/soil-erosion

Carneiro M, Martins R. 2022. Destructive fishing practices and their impact on the marine ecosystem. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98536-7_10

Cuivillas DA, Naguit MR, Cuivillas A. 2016. Physico-chemical characterization of Layawan River. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 10(6), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1006026975

Darwall W, Bremerich V, De Wever A, Dell AI, Freyhof J, Gessner MO, Grossart H-P, Harrison I, Irvine K, Jähnig SC, Jeschke JM, Lee JJ, Lu C, Lewandowska AM, Monaghan MT, Nejstgaard JC, Patricio H, Schmidt-Kloiber A, Stuart SN, Thieme M. 2018. The Alliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 28(4), 1015–1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2958

Department of Economic and Social Affairs. n.d. Thriving and resilient rivers for future generations – Addressing the global water challenges. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/thriving-and-resilient-rivers-future-generations-addressing-global-water-challenges

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). 2016. Water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016 (DAO 2016-08). Philippines: DENR.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). 2019. Updated water quality guidelines (WQG) and general effluent standards (GES) for selected parameters (DAO 2021-19). Philippines: DENR.

EMB-IX. State of Water – EMB.

Escatron MJ, Villamor V, et al. 2022. Water quality assessment of Surigao River, Surigao City, Philippines. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 10(5A), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2022.v10.i5a.9038

Ferreira A, Figueiredo D, Cardeiras R, Nabais R, Ferreira F, Ribeiro B, Cordovil CMS, Acién FG, Gouveia L. 2022. Exploring different pretreatment methodologies for allowing microalgae growth in undiluted piggery wastewater. Agronomy 12(3), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030580

Grill G, Lehner B, Thieme M, Geenen B, Tickner D, Antonelli F, Babu S, Borrelli P, Cheng L, Crochetiere H, Ehalt Macedo H, Filgueiras R, Goichot M, Higgins J, Hogan Z, Lip B, McClain ME, Meng J, Mulligan M, Nilsson C. 2019. Mapping the world’s free-flowing rivers. Nature 569(7755), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1111-9

Magbanua FS, Hilario JE, Salluta JCRB, Alpecho BC, Mendoza SS, Lit IL. 2023. Freshwater biomonitoring with macroinvertebrates in the Philippines: Towards the development of the Philippine biotic index. Limnologica 102, 126098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2023.126098

Municipality of Polanco. n.d. Integrated Watershed Management Plan of Layawan River. Local Government Unit of Polanco, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines.

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Wu A-P, Ye S-Y, Wang Y-H, Cao T, Liu L, Zhong W, Qi L-Y, Deng Q-Y, Hu C-T. 2021. Electrofishing is a potential threat to the growth and metabolism of three submerged macrophytes. Marine and Freshwater Research 72, 376–382.

Xie Y, Liu X, Wei H, Chen X, Gong N, Ahmad S, Lee T, Ismail S, Ni S-Q. 2022. Insight into impact of sewage discharge on microbial dynamics and pathogenicity in river ecosystem. Scientific Reports 12(1), 6894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09579-x

Young RT, Boase JC, Buszkiewicz JT, Dean JC, McCarter JT. 2023. Field evaluation of electrofishing response thresholds for adult Grass Carp. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 43(3), 859–868. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10899

Article source : Layawan River, Polanco, Zamboanga Del Norte, Philippines: Resource utilization, environmental issuesand water quality

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Kogle-Zanga Biopesticide Boosts Amaranth Yield | IJB 2026

Drabo Samuel Fogné,  Nikiéma Dominique,  Zézouma Anselme Dao,  Romba Rahim,  Sedogo Sanata, and Gnankine Olivier, from the institute of the Burkina Faso. Wrote a research article about, Kogle-Zanga Biopesticide Boosts Amaranth Yield. Entitled, Role of the Kogle-zanga biopesticide in improving amaranth leaf production in Loumbila. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Amaranth is a widely consumed traditional vegetable with high nutritional value. However, its production is constrained by both biotic and abiotic factors, which cause significant field damage. To address this issue, farmers often rely on a variety of pesticides, many of which are unregistered and pose risks to both humans and the environment. Hence, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to these synthetic products. In this context, the present study was undertaken to improve amaranth production using Kogle-zanga, a biopesticide. A completely randomized block design with four replications and four treatments was used. The biopesticide’s efficacy was assessed based on pest attack levels, plant growth and development, and leaf yield. The results showed that Kogle-zanga effectively controlled pests. The T3 dose (70 mL/ha) had a more favorable effect on growth, development, and leaf yield compared to the T1 (50 mL/ha) and T2 (60 mL/ha) doses. Among the tested doses, T3 (70 mL/ha) was the most effective. Additionally, the biopesticide enabled amaranth to achieve its potential yield of 1–2 t/ha. Therefore, promoting the use of this biopesticide among producers for amaranth leaf cultivation is essential to protect human health and the environment.  

Introduction

Burkina Faso is characterised by a Sudano-Sahelian climate and an economy strongly dependent on agricultural and pastoral activities. Agriculture plays a central role in the national economy and remains a major driver of economic growth. It currently contributes approximately 18–19% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (INSD, 2025), while the services sector was the principal contributor to the 4.9% economic recovery recorded in 2024. Agricultural activities continue to be the primary source of employment in the country, with 98.7% of the agricultural workforce employed in the informal sector (INSD, 2025).

With cereal production estimated at 6.1 million tonnes (FAO, 2023), agriculture remains a cornerstone of both the economy and food security in Burkina Faso. Agricultural production is largely dominated by cereals, particularly millet, sorghum, maize, rice and fonio, which occupy more than 60% of cultivated land and contribute over 55% of total crop production nationwide (INSD, 2025). The sustained production levels recorded in recent years further underscore the strategic importance of cereal-based farming systems in the country (FAO, 2023).

This situation is partly due to a long-standing agricultural policy that has prioritised the promotion of food and cash crops to the detriment of fruit and vegetable production. This trend persists today, as subsidies for cereal inputs continue to account for the largest share of the national agricultural budget (INSD, 2025). According to the World Bank (2023), the agricultural sector contributed 1.9 percentage points to the 4.9% economic growth recorded in 2023 and represented 18.59% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). Vegetable crops, particularly onions, tomatoes and cabbages, constitute the second largest group of primary crops after cereals in Burkina Faso. These crops contribute substantially to both food security and the livelihoods of rural households (INSD, 2025). Their production has increased steadily in recent years, largely driven by the expansion of irrigated farming systems and the growing use of agricultural inputs, including fertilisers and pesticides. Improvements in farming practices and the adoption of high-yielding varieties have also contributed to this upward trend (FAO, 2023).

Among these vegetable species, amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an important traditional leafy vegetable valued for its high nutritional potential and widespread consumption (Gelaye, 2023; Netshimbupfe et al., 2023). In addition to its leaves, the seeds are also consumed in various forms (Ajayi et al., 2016; Alemayehu et al., 2015). More generally, leafy vegetables constitute an essential component of diets in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa, Asia and Oceania, where they make significant contributions to nutritional intake and are also used in traditional medicinal practices (Abolaji et al., 2016; Al-Mamun et al., 2016; Bhat et al., 2015). However, amaranth production is frequently constrained by a wide range of biotic pressures, particularly pest infestations, which are among the major causes of yield losses (Ezeh et al., 2015; Mureithi et al., 2017; Seni, 2018). To manage these pests, producers frequently depend on the intensive and often indiscriminate application of synthetic chemical pesticides (Drabo et al., 2017, 2021). Nevertheless, the excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides may adversely affect both the agronomic performance of amaranth and its culinary quality (Ahouangninou et al., 2011; Nampeera et al., 2019). Moreover, the intensive application of synthetic pesticides poses considerable risks to human health and the environment, including contamination of soils and water resources (Acharya et al., 2025), poisoning of producers and consumers (Romba et al., 2020), and the progressive erosion of biodiversity (Knauer et al., 2026). A recent study estimated that the annual avoidable health and environmental costs associated with toxic chemicals in food systems amount to approximately USD 3 trillion (Systemiq, 2025). In addition, the repeated and uncontrolled use of insecticides contributes to the development of resistance among several pest species, thereby reducing treatment efficacy over time and increasing production costs (Bian et al., 2026). These constraints represent a major challenge for agricultural production systems, particularly for vegetable crops that depend heavily on phytosanitary interventions (Schatz et al., 2026).

In response to the growing challenges associated with synthetic insecticides, increasing attention is being directed towards plant-based biopesticides as sustainable alternatives for crop pest management due to their biodegradability, low environmental impact and compatibility with agroecological and integrated pest management approaches. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Kogle-zanga, a locally produced biopesticide, on pest damage and the agronomic performance of amaranth crops.

Reference

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Akhter W, Shah FM, Yang M, Freed S, Razaq M, Mkindi AG, Akram H, Ali A, Mahmood K, Hanif M. 2023. Botanical biopesticides have an influence on tomato quality through pest control and are cost-effective for farmers in developing countries. PLoS ONE 18(11). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294775

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Article source : Role of the Kogle-zanga biopesticide in improving amaranth leaf production in Loumbila  

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