Hidden Toxicity of Femoral Orthopedic Implants | IJB 2026

Haroon Habib Beigh,  Nabeel Khan and Mirza Masroor Ali Beg, from the institute of the Kazakhstan. wrote a review paper about, Hidden Toxicity of Femoral Orthopedic Implants entitled, The hidden burden: A review of toxicity from femoral orthopedic implants. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

Locomotion is one of the essential characters of humans. During daily activity human body is subjected to several factors such as shock, stress, strain and other environmental factors. Most of times human body remains un-affected by these factors as they are contradicted by skin, fats, muscles, bones etc. But when the body is subjected to a trauma of higher impact an injury can occur which can affect capability of human body. One of the common injuries is bone fractures. Among the bone’s femur is susceptible to the fractures being the longest bone in the human body. Femoral fractures affect mobility of humans to the greater extent; in order to restore maximum function of femur, implants are used to treat fractures. Implants such as nails, Screws, plates are used to repair the bone. These implants are either made up of metals or alloys commonly used metals are titanium, gold, iron, cobalt, chromium and several others that have been reported to cause one or other toxicological episodes. Femoral fractures may take months to get treated and till the time implants are embedded in human body. Within this time frame implants start producing oxides that may result in several implications such as hypersensitivity, allergies, neurological problems and other toxicological implications. 

 

 Introduction

Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopedic injury due to high impact trauma. The incidence of femoral shaft fracture ranges between 10 and 21 per 100,000 per year and out of these 2 percent are open fractures. The most common etiological factor is due to high or low energy mechanisms, most commonly caused by automobile accidents and falls from height. Low energy impact injuries are more common in elderly population suffering from osteoporosis (Ghouri et al., 2023). Common femoral factures are indicated in (Fig. 1).

There has been 1-9 % incidence of proximal femur fractures (femur head and neck and intertrochanteric) associated with femur shaft fractures and 20-50% of such associated fractures go unnoticed. Such associated fractures should be investigated thoroughly as they are clinically important for further management. Intramedullary nailing is the gold standard for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures. Along with the femoral shaft fractures, there is another type of femoral fracture closely associated with implants in their management. These are the femoral neck fractures which is a type of intra-capsular hip fracture. The femoral neck is the connection between the femoral head and the shaft; the head of femur articulates with the acetabulum therefore this junctional location makes the neck of femur prone to fractures. Results of annual census indicate that out of 1.6 million hip fractures annually, 70 percent of these fractures occur in women indicating a strong correlation between female gender and hip fractures (Osteoporosis Canada, 2021). Other risk factors include osteoporosis and decreased mobility. The management of such fractures depends on several factors such as Age, Displacement of fracture etc. Elderly patients with displaced fracture either undergo Hemiarthroplasty or Total hip arthroplasty depending upon their baseline activity level and age (Sansone et al., 2013).

Orthopedic implants are broadly divided into Permanent, including hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow wrists and finger joints, and Temporary including wires, screws, plates and intra-medullary nails. Metallic alloys, ceramic and polymers are the principal compositional part of such implants (Ghouri et al., 2023; Al-Shalawi et al., 2023).

Titanium alloys are most commonly used in the production of orthopedic implants such as intramedullary nails and total hip femoral stem (Jacobs et al., 2001). The reason for this is that Titanium has the key properties desirable for any implanted material in the body, which is resistance to metabolism by the body and to the oxidative processes therefore not leading to production of any active metabolites. Titanium when used as an implant leads to form a thin oxidative film over the implant which is biologically inert. Stainless steel is also a component of choice in various implants and has been the earliest modern implant being used worldwide. The most commonly used alloy is 316L composed of iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. It’s generally used in making nails, screws and early generation intramedullary nails. Cobalt Chrome implants have also been widely used in total hip arthroplasties. It is a biological inert agent but these implants are avoided in patients with nickel allergy as it might cause metal hypersensitivity reaction (Tapscott and Wottowa, 2025).

Biocompatibility refers to how our body reacts and interacts with foreign matter. In terms of orthopedic implants, it implies how the implant will perform its function and the body has a non-pathological response to the specific implant. Majority of the implants made from stainless steel; titanium alloys and cobalt and chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have excellent biocompatibility due to their inert nature. Corrosion is also a significant factor when it comes to choosing the type of materials for implants as this process can lead to release of cytotoxic, allergenic and carcinogenic substances in the body (Al-Shalawi et al., 2023).

Chromium and Cobalt are a major component of orthopedic implants and they are also a component of several enzymes in our body. Their high doses especially Cobalt can have toxic effects on our body systems leading to several symptoms of neurological, cardiological, hematological and endocrinological nature. Cobalt (Co) toxicity can cause tinnitus, vertigo, deafness and convulsions, also it can lead to hypothyroidism, polycythemia and cardiomyopathies (Sansone et al., 2013). The incidence of such cases is low but literatures have put up case reports of Co-Cr toxicity after THR (Total Hip Replacement) surgeries. Cobalt toxicity in such cases can lead to anorexia, fatigue, auditory or ophthalmological damage (Samargandi et al., 2024).

Metal on metal configuration in hip arthroplasty significantly elevates serum Co and Cr level as several researches have indicated and this also correlated with the increase in the level of pain (Stołtny et al., 2023). There has been a case report on bilateral visual loss after multiple hip arthroplasties along with hypothyroidism and neuropathy. The patient’s Co serum level was found to be >1000 µg/L (normal range 0-0.9ng/mL). There was a decrease in visual acuity in both the eyes along with bilateral temporal optic disc pallor (Garcia et al., 2020). Aluminum toxicity can cause memory loss, gait disturbances and might lead to development of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. A metal-on-metal hip implant consisting of Co and Cr alloy have shown an unusual increased lymphocytic infiltration and plasma cell accumulation in the peri-prosthetic tissues as compared to other implants. In the case of hip arthroplasty with conventional implants there is no lymphocytic infiltration or plasma cells presence instead the inflammation is histiocytic predominant (Hallab et al., 2001).

Chronic accumulation of Aluminum in brain can lead to development of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and in kidneys can cause fibrosis in the glomeruli and Bowman’s corpuscles (Peto, 2010; Ollivere et al., 2012). Several studies have suggested severe complications or toxicities associated with orthopedic implants or associated metals (Table 1).

Based on the type of femoral facture different set of implants can be used to modulate the fracture such as Femoral Head, Plates, Screws, Endoprosthetic Replacements, Femoral Stems and femoral Nails. Insertion and placement of implants can lead to emotional and economic distress along with discomfort in locomotion. Patients have to go for long term treatment after surgery and physiotherapy in order to walk properly.

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Article source : The hidden burden: Areview of toxicity from femoral orthopedic implants   

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Plants Powering Cleaner Wastewater: Reed Bed Treatment | IJB 2016

Hontonho E. J. Deguenon, Martin P. Aina, Akuemaho V. O. Akowanou, and Dominique C. K. Sohounhloue. From the institute of Benin. wrote a research paper about, Plants Powering Cleaner Wastewater: Reed Bed Treatment. Entitled, Purifying performances of different plants in domestic waste water treatment with reed beds. This research paper published by the  International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The rejection of untreated waste water in the nature decreases groundwater quality. Waste water treatment plants like activated sludge plant and stabilization pond plant built in Benin show their limits. Due to these problems, reed beds have to be experimented to bring a durable solution to waste water treatment problems in Benin. Compare to activated sludge plant and to stabilization pond plant, reed beds are the cheapest based on the technical and economical point of view. On addition to that, reed beds are easy to build and to maintain. The experiment plant is composed of four basins. The first basin is unplanted. The second basin is planted with Echinochloa pyramidalis. The third basin is planted with Panicum maximum and the last basin is planted with Typha domingensis. Each basin is a 1 m3 tank with drilled drain pipes. Three differentl ayers of gravel have been put on drilled drain pipes. Treated water analysis showed that the Typha domingensis basin has the best purfiying performances with final concentrations : 0 mg/L ; 21,10 mg/L ; 10 mg/L ; 0 mg/L et 12,20 mg/L respectively for TSS, COD, BOD5, TKN and TP. These final concentrations reached the discharge standards for municipal wastewater treatment plant in Benin. Consequently, Typha domingensis beds can be popularized by the beninese government to solve waste water treatment problems. 

Introduction

In Benin, available fresh water is more and more polluted by domestic waste water. This pollution decreases groundwater quality and leads to hydric diseases. This pollution also increases the drinking water price. Hydric diseases in volve thousand children deaths each year in Benin. In Benin, poor people consume polluted water without treatment. According to Kivaisi, reed bed plant is a cheaper waste water treatment process based on technical and economical point of view. On addition to that reed beds can be used to solve waste water treatment problems in developing countries like Benin (Kivaisi, 2001). Moreover, reed beds are easy to build and to maintain (Denny, 1997; Haberl, 1999; Konnerup et al., 2009). Hounkpe demonstated that the domestic waste water management in Benin is very critical. Benin has only three waste water treatment plants to treat waste water conveyed by emptying trucks. There are a waste water treatment plant in Ekpe, PortoNovo and Parakou. Sadly these waste water treatment plants show their limits (Hounkpe, 2014). Due to all these problems, reed beds have to be experimented to bring a durable solution to waste water treatment problems in Benin (Aina et al., 2012). Benin is a developing country. So reed bed plant is a new idea to explore in order to treat waste water in Benin. Deguenon has been the first scientist to assess purification performance of planted filters in Benin using phragmites (Deguenon, 2013). Now, three other species of plant will be tested and their purification performances will be compared. So that a technical document will be written and given to each municipal authority to popularize reed bed process in every household in Benin.

The purification of waste water in reed beds occurs in different stages. These stages are known and have been developed by many scientists (Salt et al., 1998; Williams, 2002; Vymazal, 2005; Imfeld et al., 2009; Reiche et al., 2010). According to Calheiros et al. (2009), purification’s mechanism of waste water in reed beds leans on physical, chemical and biological processes (Microbiological degradation in the rhizosphere, absorption and plant metabolism). The wastewater treatment process by planted filters is based on the principle of fixed cultures that is to say of aerobic biological treatment in gravel layers fine to coarse (Poulet et al., 2004). The gravel is not regularly renewed or washed. In planted filter, wastewater are treated by firstly a filtration and then anaerobic biological degradation (Seidel, 1967; Prigent, 2012). There are two kinds of planted filtert ypes according to the flow direction: vertical flow’s planted filters and horizontal flow’s planted filters. Only vertical flow’s planted filters are experimented in this study. Several plants have been used by scientists in reed beds. All Beninese plants have been listed in a book named « flore analytique du Bénin ». To popularize reed beds in Benin, plants have to be available and accessible to people. According to the combination of information provided by the book named « flore analytique du Bénin » and the list of plants often used in reed beds, three plants can be used in Benin for reed beds: Typha domingensis, Panicum maximum and Echinochloa pyramidalis Ouattara experimented one Panicum maximum planted filter basin to treat domestic waste water. These domestic wastewater have the following characteristics: 1519 ± 247 mg/l; 1256 ± 571 mgO2/l; 128 ± 58 mg/l et 6, 2 ± 2,2 mg/l respectively for TSS, COD, NH4 +, PO4 3- . With these domestic wastewater Ouattara obtained the following purification yields: 91,4%, 85, 5%, 86, 5%, 74% respectively for TSS, COD, NH4 +, PO4 3- (Ouattara et al., 2008). Korboulewsky tested one Typha latifolia planted filter basin to treat domestic waste water. These domestic waste water have the following characteristics : 7360 mg/L, 6055 mg/L,211 mg/L, 37mg/L respectively for TSS, COD, TKN, TP. With these domestic waste water Korboulewsky obtained the following purification yields: 99,9%; 98,5%; 99,5% et 99,2% respectively for TSS, COD, TKN, TP. Ouattara and Korboulewsky used vertical flow for their planted filter. Korboulewsky’s domestic waste water are higher concentrated than Ouattara’s domestic waste water. Nevertheless, when Ouattara’s purification yields are compared to Korboulewsky’s yields, Typha latifolia’s yields seems to be upper than Panicum maximum’s yields. So despite the fact that Korboulewsky used higher concentrated waste water, Typha latifolia’s purification yields is upper than Panicum maximum’s purification yields. In other words, Typha latifolia’s purification capacity is exceptional. Kengne experimented one Echinochloa pyramidalis planted filter basin to treat faecal sludge. Kengne obtained the following purfication yields : 92%, 98% and 78% respectively for COD, TSS and NH4 + (Kengne, 2008). If a purification capacity classification from higher to lower is made for these three plants (Typha latifolia, Panicum maximum and Echinochloa pyramidalis), Echinochloa pyramidalis will be the first in this diagram, then Typha latifolia and Panicum maximum will be the last one. The aim of this study is to compare the purification capacity of three plants (Typha domingensis, Panicum maximum and Echinochloa pyramidalis) in order to show if Echinochloa pyramidalisis is also the highest purification plant in Beninese weather conditions.

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Article source : Purifying performances of different plants in domestic waste water treatment with reed beds 

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Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential | IJB 2013

René G. Dègnon, Euloge S. Adjou, Clément Ahouannou, Edwige DahouenonAhoussi, Mohamed M. Soumanou,  and Dominique C.K. Sohounhloué, from the institute of Benin.  wrote a research paper about, Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential. Entitled, Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours from Ethmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Post-harvest fish conservation remains a recurring fishing industry problem in Benin. Etmalosa fimbriata is a non-oily fish commonly found on the Benin artisanal fisheries. Thus, this study aims to produce fish flour from Ethmalosa fimbriata and evaluate their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and their potential nutritional qualities. The results indicated that fish flours produced are high in protein content (53.84 ± 0.09%) and minerals such as phosphorus (0.48 ± 0.03 to 1.83 ± 0.01%), calcium (0.26 ± 0.04 to 3.02 ± 0.08%), magnesium (0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.05%) and iron (194.86 ± 0.06 to 246.82 ± 0.05 mg/kg). The results of the assessment of the sanitary quality of fish flour produced showed that the use of these fish whole alter the microbiological quality of flour produced and it would be better to use headless fish in feed formulation especially for children and immunodeficiency people 

 

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions (Tierney et al., 2010). The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applied to a group of related disorders that include marasmus, kwashiorkor, and intermediate states of marasmuskwashiorkor (Tierney et al., 2010). The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people, especially 30 to 50 million children under 5 years of age (Jildeh et al., 2010).

Fish and fish products have an important place in the diet of the people of West Africa (FAO, 2000). They are rich in proteins and the nutritional value of these proteins is comparable to that of the egg, milk and meat (Heen and Kreuzer, 1962).

In Benin, fishing has an important place in the national socio-economic balance as it sustains some 500,000 people and accounts for 3% of GDP (Tossou, 2010). Fishes are processed into various products to increase the bioavailability of its proteins. Among these products, fish flours appear to have a high nutritional value (FAO, 2006). However, the conservation of fish is very difficult due to the lack of adequate conservation system and post-harvest losses are estimated at about 20% (Anihouvi et al., 2005). Indeed, there are many problems related to the conservation of fish, such as microbiological deterioration and fat oxidation.

The most commonly used methods of preservation, are salting, drying, fish fermentation, fish smoking, refrigeration or freezing. Despite these methods, the full-time availability of this important resource of animal protein still persists and according to FAO (2000) the lack of protein in the diet of people is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies and affected many people in tropical countries. Traditionally, fish flours were produced to be used for food fortification, especially in animal protein deficient diets. However, these fish flours were not storable for a long duration due to problems of lipid oxidation, because the fishes used were often fatty fishes. Thus, the present work aims to produce fish flours using Bonga fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata) (figure 1), and evaluate their physicochemical, microbiological and nutritional qualities.

Reference

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Article source : Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours fromEthmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement   

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Analyzing Seasonal Water Quality Changes in Laguna Lake: A Factor Analysis Study

Jonecis A. Dayap, Wilfred V. Rios, Joey S. Estorosos, John Michael B. Genterolizo, Ricky B. Villeta, and Mark Ian C. Andres from the School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu, Philippines, wrote a research paper about Analyzing Seasonal Water Quality Changes in Laguna Lake: A Factor Analysis Study entitled  "Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis." This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Laguna Lake is one of the lakes that largely contribute to the socio-economic and environmental needs of the Philippines as it supports fisheries and aquaculture, recreation, power generation, and industries. In this study, the two-year (2018-2019) water quality monitoring data from Laguna Lake Development Authority was subjected to multivariate factor analysis. Initially, the dataset was divided into two categories, representing the dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis was then performed in order to identify major contributing factors that significantly influence the water quality of the lake during dry and wet seasons. Factor analysis for the two data sets (dry and wet) was able to identify three factors, namely, nutrient pollutants, influential water quality and nitrification. Results showed that the nutrient factor constitutes the biggest impact with a variance of 23.6% on the lake’s water quality during dry season, following influential water quality (22.2%) and nitrification (20.3%). However the nutrient factor contributes the least impact with a variance of 15.1% on the quality of water during wet season while the influential water quality contributes the highest amount of variance (29.4%). Significant changes on BOD and pH were also observed between seasons. Hence, it can be recommended to have strategies for regular monitoring and maintenance of water quality in Laguna Lake. In addition, environmental programs, and policies concerning water, air, and land protection by stakeholders must be realized to ensure sustainability, and conservation of all forms of life particularly aquatic life species.

Read More Perceptions and practices of rice farmers in the lowland areas of Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao, Philippines | JBES 2023

Introduction

Surface water quality is a matter of critical concern in developing countries because of a growing population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization (Wang et al., 2018). Of all water bodies, lakes and rivers are the most vulnerable to pollution because of their role in carrying agricultural run-off, and municipal and industrial wastewater (Huang et al., 2010). Water quality experts and decision-makers are confronted with significant challenges in their efforts to manage surface water resources due to these complex issues (Elhatip et al., 2007).

According to the Department of Tourism (DoT) (2021), the Philippines is home to some of the most sought-after tourist destinations, with its cool and pristine bodies of water that offer a sense of freedom in the great outdoors. Among these destinations are enchanting rivers and serene lakes located in areas with magnificent geologic landforms. However, with the booming economy (Boquet, 2017) and the transformation of these places into urban settlements (Hölscher and Frantzeskaki, 2021; Concepcion, 1976) in response to increasing populations, water pollution has become a pressing issue. The government is taking steps to mitigate these problems through policies and programs such as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) (Miguel, 2019).

One example of this is the Laguna Lake, which is surrounded by key urban cities and agricultural lands that are supplied with water from rivers, creeks, and floodways, which are usually surrounded by densely populated areas (Cruz et al., 2012). Moreover, Laguna Lake is presently utilized as a catch basin (Santos‐Borja and Nepomuceno, 2006) when flooding due to naturally occurring phenomena like typhoons and heavy rains that happen mostly during wet seasons (Miguel, 2019). This, makes the water pollution in Laguna Lake (Barril et al., 1994; Barril and Tumlos, 2002) further complicated and the situation more problematic.

Hence, to better understand how the dynamics of water quality in Laguna Lake play out during different seasons (Garcia-Ferrer et al., 2003) a series of parallel measurements of seven (7) critical parameters (Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, pH level, Ammonia, Nitrate, and Inorganic Phosphate) were conducted during dry and wet seasons. Performing a series of various statistical approaches (inferential, correlational, and multivariate factor analysis) (Sevilla, Lee & Lee, 2010) to the critical parameters that define the water quality of the lake draws a quantified description of the situation. This study aims to determine which water quality parameters can provide a contrast between the wet and dry seasons. Furthermore, the study aims to determine the major contributing factors that affect Laguna Lakes’ water quality during wet and dry seasons. Check out more by following the link  Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of Laguna Lake Stations using factor analysis

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