Multimodal Physiotherapy for Migraine Rehabilitation | IJB 2024

Saurabh Kumar, depertment of Faculty of Physiotherapy, SGT University, Gurugram Haryana, India. M. Ejaz Hussain, depertment of Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram Haryana, India. Sonia Pawaria, depertment of Department of Physiotherapy, Gurugram University, Gurugram Haryana, India. Wrote a research article, Multimodal Physiotherapy for Migraine Rehabilitation. Entitled, Rehabbing migraine: A pilot study on multimodal physiotherapy for pain, strength, disability, posture, and quality of life. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher

Abstract

Migraine is a severe headache that causes throbbing, pulsing head pain on one side of the head. The headache phase of a migraine usually lasts at least four hours, but it can also last for days. Considering the multitude of contributing factors to migraine, a multimodal treatment may be an effective therapeutic option. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of the multimodal approach, including cervical spine traction, myofascial release, trigger point release, relaxation exercise, stretching and strengthening exercises, in the treatment of patients with migraine. Sixteen 18-55 years old individuals both male and female diagnosed with migraine were randomly assigned into two groups; Group A (control group, n = 8) who received Active ROM of Cervical and active stretching exercises only the multimodal approach or group B (experimental group, n = 8) who received the multimodal approach. The trial evaluated the cutaneous allodynia, craniovertebral angle (CVA), disability, posture, cervical deep flexor strength and quality of life at baseline, end of 4th weeks and end of 8th weeks after intervention. Following the 8 weeks, multimodal exercise program significant improvements in cervical deep flexor strength, posture, disability and quality of life were observed in intervention group compared to the control group. Finding of the present study showed that a multimodal exercise program improving problems associated with migraine in patients.  

Introduction

Migraine is a neurological disease considered as the second leading cause of disability, affecting over one billion people globally (de Almeida Tolentino et al., 2021). It is characterized by severe, recurring headaches on one or both sides of the head. The headaches can last for hours to days and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound (Yan et al., 2012; Cutrer, 2010). Migraine, without aura is a type of headache that occurs in episodes and tends to recur. It has symptoms and features that make it different from types of headaches such as cluster headaches or tension type headaches. It's common for individuals to have a combination of migraines with and without aura (Sharpe et al., 2019). The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition provides criteria, for this condition (HIS 2018). It has an influence, on the disability of individuals under the age of 50 than any other condition and it is also acknowledged by the World Health Organization as a primary contributor, to disability (Carvalho et al., 2020). Migraine attacks can be different from person to person in terms of how often they occur, how severe they are, and how long they last. Stress can make migraine attacks worse in all of these ways. Migraines often lead to disability, can result in missed work. These attacks are an occurrence, in the brain that can last for hours or even days happening repeatedly (Ruschel and De Jesus 2023; Lawler et al., 2006) People with migraines often experience hypersensitivity to touch (allodynia) and increased pain sensitivity (sensitization), especially in the face, back of the head, and neck (Lawler et al., 2006). Research shows that 80% of people with migraines also experience neck pain. This is more common than nausea, another common migraine symptom. Neck pain can worsen migraines and make medication less effective. It can also be triggered by tension in the neck muscles. Studies have shown that people with migraines have imbalances in their neck muscles, especially when they do activities that require force. Migraines affect about 10-12% of the population and can significantly impact their ability to work, live, and participate in social activities (Carvalho et al., 2020; Luedtke et al., 2020; Ferracini et al., 2017).

Both pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological treatments are available to reduce headache episodes their frequency and intensity. Pharmacological therapy appears to be effective for prophylaxis and some acute cases. However, occasionally treatment is unsuccessful or has negative effects, and some patients end up with chronic illnesses. Chronic headaches increase the number of medical visits and can even result in drug overuse headache, which costs the healthcare system expense. Physiotherapy, which includes many modalities such aerobic exercise, manual therapy, electric stimulation, therapeutic pain neuroscience education, and relaxation therapy, is a non-pharmacological treatment for migraine (Lipton et al., 2008). After reviewing the literature, more than 90% of patients reporting migraine have cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction (Carvalho et al., 2020). Despite the prevalence, functional impairment, and economic consequences of migraine sufferers, there is a substantial gap in the literature exists, failing to provide sufficient and high-quality evidence to effectively guide the conservative management of migraine (Luedtke et al., 2020). From a clinical perspective, considering the diversity of the contributing factors to migraine, a multimodal treatment might be considered as an effective therapeutic option. Nevertheless, there is a lack of randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of this approach. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effects of a multimodal approach on various clinical outcomes in migraine.

Reference

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Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Goncalves MC, Carvalho GF, Florencio LL, Dach F, Speciali JG, Bigal ME, Chaves TC. 2016. Additional Effects of a Physical Therapy Protocol on Headache Frequency, Pressure Pain Threshold, and Improvement Perception in Patients with Migraine and Associated Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97(6), 866–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.006

Carvalho GF, Schwarz A, Szikszay TM, Adamczyk WM, Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Luedtke K. 2020. Physical therapy and migraine: musculoskeletal and balance dysfunctions and their relevance for clinical practice. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 24(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.11.001

Cutrer F. 2010. Pathophysiology of Migraine. Seminars in Neurology 30(02), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1249222

De Almeida Tolentino G, Lima Florencio L, Ferreira Pinheiro C, Dach F, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. 2021. Effects of combining manual therapy, neck muscle exercises, and therapeutic pain neuroscience education in patients with migraine: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurology 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02290-w

Dittrich SM, Gunther V, Franz G, Burtscher M, Holzner B, Kopp M. 2008. Aerobic Exercise with Relaxation: Influence on Pain and Psychological Well-being in Female Migraine Patients. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 18(4), 363–365. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0b013e31817efac9

Espi-Lopez GV, Ruescas-Nicolau MA, Nova-Redondo C, Benitez-Martinez JC, Dugailly PM, Falla D. 2018. Effect of Soft Tissue Techniques on Headache Impact, Disability, and Quality of Life in Migraine Sufferers: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 24(11), 1099–1107. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0048

Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado M, Pareja J. 2006. Myofascial Trigger Points, Neck Mobility and Forward Head Posture in Unilateral Migraine. Cephalalgia 26(9), 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01162.x

Ferracini GN, Chaves TC, Dach F, Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Fernández-de-Las-Penas C, Speciali JG. 2017. Analysis of the cranio-cervical curvatures in subjects with migraine with and without neck pain. Physiotherapy 103(4), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2017.03.004

Ghorbani A, Chitsaz A. 2011. Comparison of validity and reliability of the Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) versus headache impact test (HIT) in an Iranian population. Iranian Journal of Neurology 10(3-4), 39–42. 

Gupta A, Kumar S, Gupta A, Rishi P. 2022. Effect of aerobic exercises and therapeutic pain neuroscience education on disability, pain, head posture and QOL in migraine patients. Comparative Exercise Physiology 19(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3920/cep220029

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Lawler SP, Cameron LD. 2006. A randomized, controlled trial of massage therapy as a treatment for migraine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 32(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3201_6

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Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Ashina S, Burstein R, Silberstein S, Reed ML, Serrano D, Stewart WF. 2008. Cutaneous allodynia in the migraine population. Annals of Neurology 63(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21211

Luedtke K, Starke W, Korn K, Szikszay TM, Schwarz A, May A. 2020. Neck treatment compared to aerobic exercise in migraine: A preference-based clinical trial. Cephalalgia Reports 3, 251581632093068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515816320930681

Mosallanezhad Z, Rezaeian T, Ahmadi M, Nourbakhsh M. 2021. The impact of myofascial release and stretching techniques on the clinical outcomes of migraine headache: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 26(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.jrms_745_18

Munoz-Gomez E, Ingles M, Serra-Ano P, Espi-Lopez GV. 2021. Effectiveness of a manual therapy protocol based on articulatory techniques in migraine patients. A randomized controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 54, 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102386

Piovesan EJ, Di Stani F, Kowacs PA, Mulinari RA, Radunz VH, Utiumi M, Muranka EB, Giublin ML, Werneck LC. 2007. Massaging over the greater occipital nerve reduces the intensity of migraine attacks: evidence for inhibitory trigemino-cervical convergence mechanisms. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 65(3A), 599–604. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282×2007000400010

Rendas-Baum R, Bloudek LM, Maglinte GA, Varon SF. 2012. The psychometric properties of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire version 2.1 (MSQ) in chronic migraine patients. Quality of Life Research 22(5), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0230-7

Rezaeian T, Mosallanezhad Z, Nourbakhsh MR, Ahmadi M, Nourozi M. 2019. The Impact of Soft Tissue Techniques in the Management of Migraine Headache: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 18(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2019.12.001

Ruschel MAP, Jesus OD. 2023. Migraine Headache (In StatPearls.). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/

Sharpe L, Dudeney J, Williams AC, Nicholas M, McPhee I, Baillie A, Welgampola M, McGuire B. 2019. Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012295.pub2

Simons DG. 2008. New Views of Myofascial Trigger Points: Etiology and Diagnosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89(1), 157–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.016

Sohn JH, Choi HC, Lee SM, Jun AY. 2010. Differences in cervical musculoskeletal impairment between episodic and chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 30(12), 1514–1523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410372096

Tsai CT, Hsieh LF, Kuan TS, Kao MJ, Chou LW, Hong CZ. 2010. Remote Effects of Dry Needling on the Irritability of the Myofascial Trigger Point in the Upper Trapezius Muscle. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 89(2), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e3181a5b1bc

Yan J, Melemedjian OK, Price TJ, Dussor G. 2012. Sensitization of Dural Afferents Underlies Migraine-Related Behavior following Meningeal Application of Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Molecular Pain 8, 1744–80698–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-8-6

Source : Rehabbing migraine: Apilot study on multimodal physiotherapy for pain, strength, disability,posture, and quality of life

 

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Trichoderma Isolation and L-Glutaminase Production Optimization | IJB 2025

S. Subashini, R. Nithyatharani,  S. Rega, and S. Geetha, from the different institute of india.  Wrote a research article,  Trichoderma Isolation and L-Glutaminase Production Optimization. Entitled, Isolation and identification of Trichoderma species, followed by the optimization of L-glutaminase enzyme production. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Advanced biotechnological techniques offer practical solutions to challenges related to food safety. To maintain quality control in food production and processing, the use of enzymes, antibodies, and microbes is indispensable. Isolation and identification of Trichoderma sp. from sugarcane soil is used for production of L-glutaminase enzyme in this study. The Trichoderma sp. was grown in PDA agar and then the species were isolated for huge production of L-glutaminase enzyme. The optimization of enzyme production was high in particular pH 7, temperature 30°C, Nacl concentration at 2g, 5g of substrate and ammonium nitrate shows higher enzyme production at 1g. Based on the analysis the enzymes have an average molecular weight around 14 to 20 kDa. By leveraging biotechnology, these manufacturing systems are being optimized leading to the faster, more efficient and flexible production of new or improved products.

Introduction

Modern biotechnological approaches offer efficient strategies for resolving food safety challenges. The application of biotechnical techniques can decrease the time needed to detect foodborne pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminants, as well as enhance the sensitivity of these findings. The use of enzymes, antibodies, and microbes is essential for monitoring quality control in food production and processing systems (Athira et al., 2014). These manufacturing operations are being enhanced by biotechnology, which allows for the development of new or upgraded products with improved speed, efficiency, and flexibility. Commonly referred to as biological catalysts, enzymes enhance the speed at which chemical reactions occur (Kashyap et al., 2002). The main benefit of incorporating enzymes into industrial processes lies in their efficiency, precision, specificity, convenience, and economical nature. Enzymes are generally divided into two groups: intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes. Intracellular enzymes are generated within the cell and facilitate reactions internally, while extracellular enzymes are secreted by cells and transported to different locations to catalyze biochemical reactions (Koibuchi et al., 2000). Living microbial cells are responsible for producing enzymes. Enzymes utilized in industry are derived from both animal and plant sources, as well as from microorganisms. Despite this, the availability of animal and plant sources for enzyme production is highly constrained and can be affected by environmental influences. Consequently, there is an increasing focus on encouraging the use of microbial sources for enzyme production. Different fermentation technologies are employed for producing the majority of microbial enzymes (Coral et al., 2002). Enzyme production has also benefited from other techniques, such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) with inert solid supports or the use of immobilization methods. It entails the cultivation of microbial cells in liquid media in controlled environments within large vessels referred to as bioreactors for the production of target metabolites. A variety of culture medium components consist of common, cost-effective substrates such as carbon sources (e.g., glucose, sucrose, and maltose) and nitrogen sources (e.g., ammonium salts, sodium nitrate), along with vitamins and minerals that can be provided in consistent amounts. Enzymes utilized for medical and therapeutic purposes are referred to as therapeutic enzymes (Curthoys et al., 1976). One of the main prospective applications of therapeutic enzymes is in combating cancer. L-glutaminase (Lglutamine amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.2) is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of L-glutamine, resulting in the formation of L-glutamic acid and ammonia (Dutt et al., 2010). Over the past few years, there has been a growing focus on L-glutaminase due to its suggested applications in pharmaceuticals as well as in the food industry (Iyer and Singhal, 2010). Lglutaminase has the potential to be important in treating cancer, particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia, when used either in combination with or as a replacement for asparaginase (Kumar and Chandrasekaran, 2003). Fungi serve a crucial role in generating a wide variety of products, including food items (e.g., bread and mycoprotein), alcoholic beverages (like wine and beer), as well as recombinant proteins, vitamins, and antibiotics. Various fermentation systems are utilized with fungi to attain this level of productivity, with the selection based on the type of fungus (whether filamentous or yeast), the desired product, and the production scale. In this present study is aimed to isolate and identifying the Trichiderma sp. from sugarcane agriculture soil sample and optimization of L-glutaminase enzyme production through fermentation process.

Reference

Athira RN, Elizebeth T, Narendra T, Sheik Tanweer Ahmed, Shankar Kumar Gupta, Manoj Chaudary, Siddalingeshwara KG, Pramod T. 2014. Investigation on the production of L-glutaminase from Pseudomonas stutzeri strain under solid state fermentation using various agro residues. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 4(2), 81–85.

Coral G, Arikan B, Unaldi MN, Guvenmes H. 2002. Some properties of crude carboxymethyl cellulase of Aspergillus niger Z10 wild-type strain. Turkish Journal of Biology 26, 209–221.

Curthoys NP, Kuhlenschmidt K, Godfrey SS. 1976. Regulation of renal ammoniagenesis: Purification and characterisation of phosphate-dependent glutaminase from rat kidney. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 174, 82–89.

Dutt SPLN, Siddalingeshwara KG, Sudipta KM, Karthic J, Shantaveer G. 2010. A promising technique for rapid screening and confirmation of L-glutaminase- A tumour inhibitor from novel Penicillium expansum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2(4), 275–277.

Iyer P, Singhal RS. 2010. Glutaminase production using Zygosaccharomyces rouxii NRRL-Y 2547: Effect of aeration, agitation regimes and feeding strategies. Chemical Engineering Technology 33, 52–62.

Kashyap P, Sabu A, Pandey A, Szakacs G, Soccol CR. 2002. Extra-cellular L-glutaminase production by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 38, 307–312.

Koibuchi K, Nagasaki H, Yuasa A, Kataoka J, Kitamoto K. 2000. Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding glutaminase from Aspergillus oryzae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 54, 59–68.

Kumar SR, Chandrasekaran M. 2003. Continuous production of L-glutaminase by an immobilized marine Pseudomonas sp. BTMS-51 in a packed bed reactor. Process Biochem 38, 1431–1436.

Source : Isolation and identification of Trichoderma species, followed by the optimization of L-glutaminase enzyme production 

 

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Fish Oil and Tamoxifen Modulate Hormone Receptors in Mammary Cancer | JBES 2026

Caroline Paul Mari, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India, and Mirunalini Sankaran, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Wrote a research article about Fish Oil and Tamoxifen Modulate Hormone Receptors in Mammary Cancer. Entitle, Modulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression by fish oil and tamoxifen in 7,12 dimethyl benz(a) anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis in female sprague dawely rats. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Cancer remains a primary global health challenge characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation and significant mortality. Within this landscape, breast cancer represents one of the most prevalent and hormone-dependent malignancies, contributing substantially to cancer-related deaths. While endocrine therapy with tamoxifen is a standard treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, its efficacy is often hampered by dose-associated toxicity and inconsistent outcomes. This study evaluates the potential of fish oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as an adjunct to tamoxifen in modulating hormonal imbalance and estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) expression. A 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)–induced mammary tumor model was established in female Sprague Dawley rats to assess the effects of fish oil alone and in combination with low and high-dose tamoxifen. Plasma estradiol and progesterone levels were quantified via ELISA, while ER/PR expression in mammary tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. DMBA induction significantly increased ER and PR expression, indicating hormonal dysregulation. Fish oil treatment alone produced a moderate reduction in receptor expression. However, the combination of fish oil with tamoxifen markedly suppressed ER and PR levels. Notably, the fish oil low-dose tamoxifen combination produced effects comparable to the high-dose combination, suggesting that fish oil may enhance tamoxifen efficacy and allow effective endocrine regulation with a lower drug dose and potentially reduced toxicity. Fish oil maintained physiological hormone levels in control animals. In conclusion, fish oil enhances the endocrine-modulating effects of tamoxifen and may serve as a beneficial supplementary strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy while potentially minimizing adverse effects.

Introduction

Cancer persists as a leading cause of mortality worldwide, continuing to limit gains in global life expectancy. According to GLOBOCAN 2022, approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths were reported globally. Female breast cancer has emerged as the most commonly diagnosed malignancy, accounting for nearly 2.30 million new cases, followed by lung, colorectal, prostate, and stomach cancer (Bray et al. 2024 and National Cancer Institute, 2026). Despite significant advances in breast cancer management including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment-related toxicity, high economic burden, and inconsistent therapeutic responses remain major challenges contributing to sustained mortality rates.

Breast cancer is a complex and diverse disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors, resulting in abnormal cell growth through multiple signalling pathways. Nearly two-thirds of breast cancers are hormone-dependent, regulated by estrogen and progesterone via Estrogen Receptors (ER) and Progesterone Receptors (PR) (Freihat et al., 2025). These hormone signalling mechanisms contribute to cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and maintenance of normal breast tissue.

Breast cancer is a complex and diverse disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors, resulting in abnormal cell growth through multiple signalling pathways. Nearly two-thirds of breast cancers are hormone-dependent, regulated by estrogen and progesterone via Estrogen Receptors (ER) and Progesterone Receptors (PR) (Freihat et al., 2025). These hormone signalling mechanisms contribute to cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and maintenance of normal breast tissue.

In light of this, there is increasing interest in identifying alternative and supportive therapeutic approaches that target hormonal dysregulation with reduced toxicity. Natural bioactive compounds derived from dietary sources have gained attention for their potential to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects (Bidinotto et al., 2012 and Bougnoux et al., 2009). Fish oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has demonstrated antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor properties. These fatty acids modulate membrane fluidity, reduce oxidative stress, and suppress pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby influencing estrogen biosynthesis and hormone-dependent signalling pathways (Fabian et al., 2015). Additionally, their ability to regulate aromatase activity and improve antioxidant defences supports their role in modulating endocrine function during mammary carcinogenesis.

Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, remains a cornerstone in the treatment of hormoneresponsive breast cancer due to its ability to inhibit estrogen binding and suppress tumor growth. However, its long-term use is often limited by adverse effects and the development of resistance (Manni et al., 2015). Emerging evidence indicates that the combination of fish oil and tamoxifen may enhance therapeutic efficacy through multiple mechanisms, including improved drug bioavailability, modulation of apoptosis, and reduction of inflammation. (Subbaramaiah et al. 2019), This combination has been shown to influence circulating hormone levels and downregulate ER and PR expression in tumor tissues. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of fish oil as an effective adjuvant strategy to improve endocrine regulation and therapeutic outcomes in hormone-dependent breast cancer.

Reference

Bidinotto LT, de Cicco RL, Vanegas JE, Santucci-Pereira J, Vanden Heuvel JP, Washington S. 2012. Fish oil alters tamoxifen-modulated expression of mRNAs that encode genes related to differentiation, proliferation, metastasis, and immune response in rat mammary tumors. Nutrition and Cancer 64, 991–999.

Bougnoux P, Hajjaji N, Ferrasson MN, Giraudeau B, Couet C, Le Floch O. 2009. Improving outcome of chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer by docosahexaenoic acid: A phase II trial. British Journal of Cancer 101, 1978–1985.

Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I. 2024. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 74, 229–263.

Cao W, Ma Z, Rasenick MM, Yeh S, Yu J. 2012. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids shift estrogen signaling to inhibit human breast cancer cell growth. PLoS ONE 7, e52838.

Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. 2015. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Research 17, 62.

Freihat O, Sipos D, Kovacs A. 2025. Global burden and projections of breast cancer incidence and mortality to 2050: A comprehensive analysis of GLOBOCAN data. Frontiers in Public Health 13, 1622954.

Manni A, El-Bayoumy K, Skibinski CG, Thompson HJ, Santucci-Pereira J, Bidinotto LT, et al. 2015. Combination of antiestrogens and omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention. BioMed Research International 2015, 638645.

Manni A, Richie JP Jr, Xu H, Washington S, Aliaga C, Bruggeman R. 2020. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on endocrine signaling and mammary tumor growth in experimental breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 180, 351–362.

Manni A, Xu H, Washington S, Aliaga C, Cooper TK, Richie JP Jr. 2010. The impact of fish oil on the chemopreventive efficacy of tamoxifen against development of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Prevention Research 3, 322–330.

National Cancer Institute. 2026. Low dose tamoxifen with or without omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer risk reduction (NCT06195306). ClinicalTrials.gov.

Rengarajan T, Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Lokeshkumar B, Rajendran P, Nishigaki I. 2015. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of breast cancer. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 40, 605–614.

Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, Brody JG. 2018. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Environmental Research 160, 152–182.

Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Dannenberg AJ. 2019. Targeting the white adipose tissue inflammation-aromatase axis for breast cancer prevention. Cancer Prevention Research 12, 721–728.

Yager JD, Davidson NE. 2006. Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine 354, 270–282.

Article source : Modulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression by fish oil and tamoxifen in 7,12 dimethylbenz(a) anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis in female sprague dawely rats  

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Modified Crab-Shell Chitosan for Dye Adsorption and Optimization | JBES 2026

M. Priyanga, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. V. Gomathi Priya, depertment of the Post Graduate & Research Centre of Microbiology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, India.   P. Bhuvaneswari, depertment of the JP College of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, College Road, Agarakattu, Ayikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. T. Shanmuga Vadivu, depertment of the JP College of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, College Road, Agarakattu, Ayikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. S. Viswanathan, depertment of the Post Graduate & Research Centre of Microbiology, Sri Paramakalyani, depertment of the College, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, India. G. Annadurai, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. R. Soranam, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. Wrote a research article about, Modified Crab-Shell Chitosan for Dye Adsorption and Optimization. entitled, Using chitosan made from modified chitosan (Crab shells) for dye adsorption, equilibrium, kine tic, and response surface methods. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Adsorption techniques based on the use of natural polymers, such as non-toxic chitosan, which is made from leftover crab shells by demineralization (acid treatment) and deproteinization (alkaline treatment), have drawn more attention in recent years. The most popular method for advanced wastewater treatment is adsorption. Because of its many functional uses, chitosan is frequently employed as an efficient biomaterial in the field of adsorption. Chitosan’s hydroxyl (-OH) and amine (-NH2) groups make it one of the most appropriate and adaptable adsorbents. By adding more functions to its fundamental structure, chitosan adsorption capability and selectivity can be further enhanced. While the Langmuir, Freundlich Isotherms study and kinetics investigations demonstrated that the adsorption process was suited by pseudo-first-order and second order for dye, the results from isotherm models demonstrated that the adsorption of dye on chitosan corresponded well with the Freundlich model. These three distinct factors influencing methylene blue adsorption performance were chosen for modelling and optimization procedures utilizing response surface methods in a central rotating composite design. A second-degree polynomial equation was used to predict the percentage of methylene blue elimination by chitosan made from crab shells. With an R2 = 0.9934 and a Radj = 0.9849, the proposed model was valid and accurately described the phenomenon investigated in the experimental area.

Introduction

When numerous industries produce garbage that seriously pollutes the environment, environmental protection becomes a challenging undertaking. Large amounts of aqueous wastes and dye effluents with high BOD loading and strong, lasting color are released from the dyeing process in the textile sector, which is unsatisfactory from an aesthetic and environmental standpoint (Annadurai and Krishnan, 1997). Aquatic life is seriously at risk because the majorities of these dye wastes are poisonous and may cause cancer (Vandevere et al., 1998). Consequently, the elimination of dyestuffs from effluents becomes crucial, and numerous governments have imposed environmental regulations concerning the quality of colored effluents and mandated that enterprises that use dyes decolorize their effluents before to discharge. Numerous conventional dye removal treatment systems, including trickling filters, activated sludge, chemical coagulation, carbon adsorption, and photodegradation processes, have been thoroughly studied (Vandevere et al., 1998; Ganesh et al., 1994; Gan Yang et al., 2008). Among these chemical and physical techniques, the adsorption process is reasonably successful in producing a highquality effluent without the production of hazardous compounds like ozone and free radicals during the UV photodegradation process.

Activated carbon (Walker and Weatherley, 1997), peat (Poots et al., 1976a;1976b; Ho and Mckay, 1998), pith (Mckay et al., 1987; Namasivayam et al., 1998; Ho and Mckay, 1999; Namasivayam et al., 2001; Namasivayam et al., 2002), fuller's earth (Atun et al., 2003; Mckay et al., 1985), and wood (Poots et al., 1976a;1976b; Asfour et al., 1985). The potential uses of polymeric nanoparticles in medicine and nanotechnological devices, especially as drug delivery vehicles, have drawn more interest in recent years. These nanoparticles are manufactured with a regulated composition, unique supramolecular structures, and dimensions. Due to intra- and or intermolecular interactions of hydrophobic segments in aqueous media, these polymeric nanoparticles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments have special properties, including thermodynamic stability, unusual rheological features, and the structure of a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core (Chu and Tsui, 1999; El-Geundi, 1991; Grau, 1991). Polymeric amphiphiles have been thoroughly investigated and identified as promising medication and gene delivery vehicles due to their ability to decrease harmful side effects and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Preparing biodegradable and nontoxic polymeric amphiphiles based on natural biomaterials like chitosan has received a lot of attention lately.

Chitin is deacetylated to generate chitosan, a heteropolymer comprising β - [1→4]-2-amino-2- deoxy-D-glucopyranose and β - [1→4]-2-acetamido2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. An essential part of the adsorption process is chitosan; a type of natural polysaccharide made from chitin. The b (1-4)-2- amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose (D-glucosamine) repeating unit makes up the majority of chitosan, a polysaccharide that also contains trace amounts (less than 20%) of N-acetyl-D glucosamine residues (Ali Aberoumand and Maryam Hosseinian, 2025). The polymer has a very high affinity for a variety of dye classes, including disperse, direct, reactive, and acid dyes. It is also non-toxic and biodegradable. Through electrostatic attraction, cationized amino groups can adsorb anionic dye molecules in an acidic aqueous media. The manufacture of chitosan from crab shells is the subject of the proposed study (Musmade and Lalit Mahatma Ali Aberoumand, 2021). The purpose of this research is to achieve the best removal efficiency of methylene blue with short contact and settling durations. Chitosan has been well examined for its capacity to remove dye from textile wastewater effluent. Experiments on a bench scale were carried out to investigate the impact of temperature and pH. Because of its vast surface area, the chitosan is thought to have a greater capacity. The sorption behavior of the chitosan research will be examined (Anggraeni et al., 2024).

Reference

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Article source : Using chitosan made from modified chitosan (Crab shells) for dye adsorption, equilibrium, kinetic,and response surface methods

 

 

 

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Farmers’ Perceptions of Pepper Genetic Diversity in Niger | IJAAR 2025

Halimatou Ousseini Maiga, from the Faculty of Agronomy, Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, Niger. Oumarou Souleymane, from the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger, Niamey, Niger.  Illiassou Mossi Maiga, from the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger, Niamey, Niger.    Adam Toudou, from the Faculty of Agronomy, Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, Niger. Wrote a research article about, Farmers’ Perceptions of Pepper Genetic Diversity in Niger. Entitled, Farmers perception of the genetic diversity of peppers (Capsicum annuum) in Niger: Between tradition and innovation. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and AgriculturalResearch | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agricultural Research.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Genetic diversity plays a crucial role in crop development on farms facing the growing challenges posed by climate change. Rural bell pepper growers in Niger are heavily dependent on this biodiversity, for which they are constantly seeking a balance to ensure sustainable production. Studying farmers’ perceptions of bell pepper genetic diversity in Niger is a necessity to explore the relationship between traditional farming practices and innovative approaches to crop diversity management.  The aim of this study is to understand how farmers in Niger perceive and use bell pepper genetic diversity. To this end, a survey was carried out in the country’s main pepper-growing regions. The results showed the existence of a great diversity of accessions, the use of rich and varied farmer descriptors and the coexistence of 3 systems: traditional, improved and a combination of the two. In addition, the study showed that several factors influence farmers’ choices and preferences in the selection of bell pepper accessions, as well as the seed system used. 

Introduction

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), a member of the Solanaceae family, originates from Mexico, with Guatemala identified as its secondary center of origin (Bukasov, 1930). The most widely cultivated species, C. annuum (2n = 2x = 24), possesses a genome size of 3.48 GB (Kim et al., 2014). It is a predominantly selfpollinated crop, although the cross-pollination rate can reach up to 10% (Rai et al., 2013). Pepper is a major horticultural crop with substantial commercial importance and medicinal value. Globally, approximately 36 million tons of peppers are produced on about 2 million hectares. China is the leading producer, accounting for 46% of global production, followed by Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey (FAO, 2021). Genetic diversity plays a pivotal role in the development of climate-resilient crops, particularly in the context of the increasing challenges posed by climate change. Within the broader framework of agricultural adaptation, the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity represent key strategies to enhance agricultural resilience (Mohamed et al., 2025). Moreover, genetic diversity is fundamental to both natural evolutionary processes and breeding programs. Through genetic variation, crop species are able to survive and adapt to diverse and changing environmental conditions (Salgotra and Chauhan, 2023).

In Niger, pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a key crop, highly valued for its economic importance as well as its cultural significance. However, increasing environmental pressures, the evolution of agricultural systems, and shifting market demands have compelled farmers to continuously adapt their cultivation strategies. Understanding farmers‘ perceptions of genetic diversity in pepper has therefore become crucial for exploring the complex relationship between traditional agricultural practices and innovative approaches to crop diversity management. Such an investigation provides insight into how local knowledge systems evolve and integrate with modern agricultural innovations in response to changing socio-economic and environmental conditions. The present study aims to analyze how Nigerien farmers perceive, maintain, and utilize the genetic diversity of pepper. It seeks to identify the balance between time tested traditional knowledge and the potential offered by improved and emerging agricultural practices, contributing to the sustainable management and enhancement of pepper genetic resources in Niger.

Reference

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Article source : Farmers perception of the genetic diversity of peppers (Capsicum annuum) in Niger: Between traditionand innovation 

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Seasonal Diversity of Molluscs in Bagoué | JBES 2025

Kouadio Behegbin Habib Herber,  Aman Jean Baptiste,  and Memel Jean Didié, institute of the Laboratory of Animal Biology and Cytology, Animal Production Research Center, Natural Sciences UFR, Nangui Abrogoua University, Côte d’Ivoire. Wrote a research article about, Seasonal Diversity of Molluscs in Bagoué. Entitled, Diversity of molluscs in the Bagoue region (Côte d’ivoire): Influence of seasons. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Côte d’Ivoire finds itself lacking in animal proteins despite the multiple efforts made to achieve food self-sufficiency for its population. Indeed, natural resources capable of guaranteeing food security are under pressure from humans (destruction of forests and wildlife and action of bush fires). Thus, our work was carried out in the Bagoué region in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. From January 2018 to December 2019 (2 years), we inventoried 7 species of mollusks divided into 5 families according to the two well-defined dry and rainy seasons. To carry out our work, the Bagoué region was divided into six zones. We demarcated quadrats of 200 m² in three villages chosen in each zone. To do this, we searched in the ground, the litter, on the leaves and tree trunks and then on the trees. The identification of molluscs was carried out using morphological criteria. Our study recorded 5089 ± 47.97 Achatina fulica (324 ± 9.13 in dry season and 4765 ± 38.84 in rainy season), 1794 ± 17.18 Laristes varicus (144 ± 1.02 in dry season and 1650 ± 15.97 in rainy season), 991 ± 22.45 Archachatina ventricosa (40 ± 2.2 in dry season and 951 ± 20.25 in rainy season), 968 ± 9.87 Limicolaria flammea (9 ± 0.99 in dry season and 959 ± 19.86 in rainy season), 444 ± 2.39 Gabbiella africana (432 ± 41.12 in dry season and 309 ± 38.21 in rainy season), 271 ± 1.44 Limacus flavus (12 ± 10.11 in dry season and 254 ± 23.28 in rainy season) and 187 ± 1.21 Mytilis edulis (36 ± 11.20 in dry season and 151 ± 21.02 in rainy season). At the end of our study, it appears that in the natural environment, the 7 species of molluscs collected vary according to the seasons. The populations of Bagoué, through their activities (bush fires, deforestation, slash-and-burn cultivation) have a considerable impact on the biotope. These activities could be a danger to the survival of molluscs. Thus, we suggest raising awareness among populations on environmental protection, strengthening measures for the protection and conservation of animal and plant species.

Introduction

The degradation of natural ecosystems is accentuated by the aridity of the climate which has become a worrying phenomenon in humid tropical zones (Thiombiano, 2005). Despite this aridity, animal and plant species survive there. Ivory Coast, particularly in the Bagoué region in the north, in the savannah district, is at the heart of this daily degradation. For Achard et al. (2002) and Anonymous (2014), the Ivorian forest has experienced rapid degradation. It increased from 16.5 million hectares in 1960 to 4 million in 2000 and then to 2.97 million hectares in 2014. According to Brooks et al. (2002) this deforestation results in the degradation and loss of natural habitats. This is the main cause of the massive disappearance of species such as molluscs in these environments. The diversity and distribution of these molluscs are determined by environmental factors, namely air humidity, temperature, litter thickness, altitude, soil type (Bruggen, 1969; 1995; Peake, 1978; Tattersfield, 1990; Welter-Schultes, 2000), the type of habitat (Cameron et al., 2007; Memel et al., 2009; Oke and Chokor, 2009; Tattersfield et al., 2001) and the availability of food resources (Memel, 2009). Little work has been devoted to the ecology and diversity of molluscs in Côte d’Ivoire. The oldest work carried out took place at Mount Nimba in the west of Côte d’Ivoire. Forcart (1953) studied the Veronicidae. Gaillard (1954) worked on the genus Curvella. Binder (1963; 1976) and Van Mol (1970) worked on Urocyclidae. Lamotte and Roy (2003) also studied these mollusks. The most recent work was carried out by (Memel, 2009) on the Achatinidae family within the Banco National Park. In the Yapo classified forest, (Amani, 2018) worked on the biodiversity and ecology of Gastropod molluscs. At the National Floristic Center of Abidjan Cocody (N’dri, 2021) carried out work on the biodiversity and ecology of terrestrial gastropod molluscs. The choice of the Bagoué region is justified by the fact that it is subject to anthropogenic pressures such as the collection of snails by populations, bush fires, field work, trampling by livestock and the long dry season. In addition, this study can contribute, for vulnerable species such as Molluscs (Lydeard et al., 2004; Régnier et al., 2015), or Invertebrates in general (Cardoso et al., 2011), to their better taken into account in conservation strategies, particularly in the context of current issues linked to the massive erosion of biodiversity (Barnosky et al., 2011; Pimm et al., 2014). Knowledge of the mollusks of this region could strengthen its conservation.

The general objective of this work is to determine the diversity of molluscs in the said region. It will be specifically:

1. To study the physicochemical conditions of the Bagoué region;

 2. Make a qualitative (specific diversity) and quantitative (abundance) inventory of molluscs. 

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Article source : Diversity of molluscs in the Bagoue region (Côte d’ivoire): Influence of seasons 

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