March 9, 2023

Call For Paper 2023 | JBES, An Environmental Sciences Journal

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March 6, 2023

Research Paper on Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds | JBES 2022

Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds

Author Name

Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, and Hossein Miraji

Journal Name

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

Researchers repeatedly discovered primary pharmaceutical contaminants, their metabolites, and transformation products in aquatic ecosystems. Body metabolism may not convert consumed pharmaceuticals to their metabolic elements before excretion. In this case, clinical and industrial wastes ensure their presence in the environment. Nevertheless, conventional wastewater treatment methods are ineffective for removing pharmaceutical wastes. Once in the ecosystem, they alter the physiological response of nontarget exposed aquatic and even terrestrial organisms due to induced toxicity. In the course of this study at Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (SWSP), the transport of the quantified 0.104 ppm of metronidazole under advection mode in a laminar flow to a longitudinal predictive distance of 230 m. Beyond this distance, no significant concentration changes. The quantified metronidazole had a risk quotient of less than 1, implying no toxicity risks. Despite being acceptable, their hydrophobic nature and physiological activeness present a long-term ecological risk such as developing antibiotic resistance genes, endocrine disruption, and immunity suppression. A combination of engineered constructed wetlands and adsorption using biodegradable adsorbents are among natural remedial practices for eliminating pharmaceuticals with promising efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and being environmentally friendly.

Get Cited

Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, Hossein Miraji (2022), Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds; JBES, V20, N2, February, P30-41
https://innspub.net/transport-behavior-and-risk-evaluation-of-pharmaceutical-contaminants-from-swaswa-wastewater-stabilization-ponds/
J. Bio. Env. Sci.20(2), 30-41, February 2022

Introduction

Currently, social and economic development impose changes in lifestyle by adopting the use of industrially processed products such as canned foods and synthetic drugs for health care. Seeking modern shelters lead to increased urbanization that requires improved sanitation infrastructure. In turn, human activities such as domestic, industrial, agricultural, wastewater treatment plants, reuse of sludge, hospital and municipal release contaminated wastewaters (Boberg et al., 2019; Finkel and Gray, 2021). In most developing countries, wastewater treatment uses waste stabilization ponds like Swaswa in Dodoma. The design of this method lacks components for removing emerging contaminants (ECs), therefore releasing effluents carrying ECs such as pharmaceuticals to the environment (Marti, Variatza and Balcazar, 2014; Badi, Shetwan and Hemeda, 2019). Drugs help treat humans, animals, and plants, prolong life, improve function, relieve symptoms, and alleviate pain (Ratola et al., 2012; Fragkaki et al., 2013; Han et al., 2017; Choudhury and Veeraraghavan, 2018). Pharmaceutically active compounds, metabolites, and transformation products in quantifiable levels of all drug categories reported exist in the environment worldwide, including Tanzania (Rastogi, Leder and Kümmerer, 2015; Miraji et al., 2016; Ripanda et al., 2022). Fig. 1 presents SWSP and the surrounding area where irrigated agriculture depends on wastewater.

Journal of biodiversity and environmental sciences call for paper 2023

It has been reported that about 90% of the antibiotics are excreted via urine and faeces when administered to humans and animals (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al., 2020). Thus, a significant amount of antibiotics may pass through target organisms and then be deposited into aquatic systems (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al., 2020), hence the possibility of causing harm to the ecosystem. Pharmaceuticals are among the non-regulated ECs (Jeong et al., 2020; Finkel and Gray, 2021). These ECs lack standard guidelines for their environmental monitoring and thus have drawn much scientific attention due to their health and presumed ecological risks (Li, Yan Zhang, Luyan Liu, Xianshu Ding, 2019; Munschy et al., 2020). Reports of endocrine disruption and antimicrobial resistance are concerns posed by Ecs such as pharmaceuticals (Teta et al., 2018). From an environmental aspect, antibiotics' most prominent effect is the toxic effect on aquatic organisms that may upset the ecological balance (Nantaba et al., 2020), leading to conservation failure.

J. Bio. Env. Sci.20(2), 30-41, February 2022
Once a drug is in the body, Fig. 2 details the metabolic process it undergoes, basically being metabolized in the liver and its transportation to specific organs or excretion (Madikizela, Tavengwa, and Chimuka, 2017). Apart from body excretions, the disposal of unused drugs is an essential root through which pharmaceuticals get into the environment, to which contaminated points become a point source (Richards et al., 2016, 2017). 

Several physical and chemical processes simultaneously occur on a chemical, mainly a pharmaceutical product, once exposed to the environment (Armstrong et al., 2018; Prasse et al., 2018). Natural processes affect the physical distribution, containment, source-sink, degradation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ECs (Rigg, Monnat, and Chavez, 2018; Zhou et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Ouda et al., 2021). As a result, they might affect the toxicity of a pharmaceutical product in an ecosystem. Induced factors affecting the transport of contaminants in flowing water include water withdrawing or pumping and secondary contaminant production (Awad et al., 2018; Soares et al., 2019). Inherently, analysts' decisions on the selection of computational values and limits such as Manning's constant (Oregon, 2014) and dimensionality of transport (Timis, 2010; Yadav) et al., 2010; Vinet and Zhedanov, 2011) affect the mathematical output and, therefore, predictability of contaminant transport.

Risk evaluation of pharmaceutical products is conducted with safety concerns to ensure that the benefits of these products to human, other organisms, and the environment outweighs their risks. This helps in better understanding, generating knowledge, and defining the regulatory and monitoring frameworks for the safety of the entire ecosystem (Cordaillat-Simmons, Rouanet and Pot, 2020). The use of pharmaceuticals for human safety is inevitable, thus creating a continuous deposition, transportation, and later human, animal, aquatic organisms and the entire ecosystem exposure. The reports on the transport behavior and risks associated with pharmaceutical contaminants in Swaswa wastewater stabilization ponds are lacking. Therefore, the current study focuses on understanding the transport behaviour and risks upon exposure to pharmaceutical wastes from the Swaswa wastewater stabilization pond. 

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