Morphological adaptation of P. canaliculata shell to the different ecosystems in Lanao Del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines | IJAAR 2022

Author Name

V. Logronio Ferlyn, and M. Yagos Rosanilio

Journal Name

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR 

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

Different physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations of Pomacea canaliculata aided them in their survival to different adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the said adaptations can be very vital in the control and management strategies that can be employed in the areas where their population posed a threat to food security. The study employed an explorative-investigative study design for the gathering of data. Eight hundred seventy-three Golden Apple Snails from different freshwater ecosystems, namely stream, irrigational canal, and rice field were collected, cleaned, and examined. To elucidate the different adaptations of the GAS to the various ecosystems, their shell characteristics were observed, recorded, and examined. Consequently, this study found out that those shells from snails sampled in streams had bigger length, width, width of the aperture, a higher number of bands, and whorls when compared to those shells from irrigational canals and rice fields. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between pH and dissolved oxygen to the height, width, and width of the aperture. There was also a significant correlation between the temperature and width, weight, and the number of bands. It was concluded that to control and manage the population of the GAS the area should have less palatable food sources and less anthropogenic activities so that environmental parameters like high pH, lower temperature, and higher dissolved oxygen can be achieved. 

 

Introduction

The physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptation of Pomacea canaliculata to various environmental conditions made them thrive and be one of the major pests in freshwater wetlands particularly affecting ricefields and other economically important agricultural areas. They had been known for their adaptive plasticity (Estebenet & Martin, 2002) and highly generalist and voracious macrophytophagous feeding nature (Morrison, et al., 2016).

 

P. canaliculata, or commonly known as golden apple snail, is one of the freshwater snails that underwent series of adaptations to thrive in any given freshwater environment. Hence, the golden apple snail can tolerate harsh environmental conditions such as low levels of salinity, lower temperature (Seuffert, et al., 2013), low pH levels, metal and pollutant contamination, parasite infestations, period of drought (Silverwood, 2011), and low food availability (Tamburi & Martin, 2016). However, its survival in these adverse environmental conditions is highly dependent on the important physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations (Chukwuka, et al., 2014) of these snails to their environment. Furthermore, according to Relyea (2002), as cited by Madjos, et al., in 2015 that P. canaliculata can respond to the changes in the environment by producing alternative phenotypes as an adaptive strategy.

Consequently, there had been different functional parts of the snails that played an important factor in their survival especially in maintaining their homeostasis. One of those parts is the shell. Salient features of the snails’ shells that ensured the snails’ survival against adverse environmental conditions, predator cues, and various anthropogenic-related activities were: shell periostracum, shell chirality, shell color, shell shape, shell size and weight, and operculum shape and weight. 

However, these characteristics could also be a potential target for control measures. A better understanding of the important characteristics of the species that helped them survive various environmental stresses should be understood by people implementing management and control programs. Henceforth, this paper was conducted to provide basic information on the adaptation of the snails based on the characteristics of their shells, so that proper management and control measures can be crafted to make them better suited in the area. The paper looked into three different ecosystems which have important economic value where the presence and manifestation of golden apple snails were seen to be of great concern. Get the full articles by following the link Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res.20(1), 24-32, January 2022

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The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Dam | JBES 2022

Authors

• N’guessan Emmanuel Assemian 

Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Laboratory of Biology and Tropical Ecology,
UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’ivoire

•  Konan Hervé Oussou

Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Laboratory of Biology and Tropical Ecology,
UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’ivoire

•  Blaise Kadjo

 Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d’ivoire

• Atta Léonard Kouadio
  

Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Laboratory of Biology and Tropical Ecology, UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’ivoire

Journal Name

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area. Check out more by following the link The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Dam (Southwest of Côte d’Ivoire)

 Introduction

Tropical forests cover about 6% of the world's land area (Myers, 1989). From West Africa to Central Africa, there are two blocks (Upper Guinea and Lower Guinea) containing some of the greatest biological diversity in the world (Myers et al., 2000). Since the beginning of the 19th century, these tropical forests have been experiencing a gradual decrease in their area. This dynamic is, in general, linked to the combined impacts of climate variability, the growth of African populations and changes in social habits (Pain-Orcet et al., 1999). However, several authors have demonstrated a close relationship between the composition of faunal communities and habitat diversity (Lips et al., 2003). Others have also shown that forest fragmentation could cause local extinction of plant species (Hill and Curran 2003). Similar observations have been made for animal communities, including birds, mammals (Beier et al., 2002), reptiles and amphibians (Hillers et al., 2008). Urbanization, logging, agriculture, and the energy sector (construction of high-voltage power lines and hydroelectric dams) are leading to reductions or fragmentation of certain habitat types and concomitant changes in biodiversity (Kirk, 2003). 

The rate of species extinction is rampant, leading the scientific community to believe that a sixth mass extinction is setting in, given the loss of species over the past centuries and millennia (Bellard et al., 2012). The dependence of many amphibian species on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats places them in a state of permanent threat as deterioration in the quality of both terrestrial and aquatic environments could disrupt their life cycles and affect their populations (Dunson et al., 1992). Therefore, they provide more information on environmental disturbances affecting different ecosystems (Blaustein et al., 2003). Thus, amphibians are excellent biological indicators of tropical ecosystems (Channing, 2001). In Côte d'Ivoire, the creation of hydroelectric dams dates back to the 1950s (Assemian et al. 2006). On the one hand, it was a response to the country's search for energy independence in favor of hydroelectricity and, on the other, to a political will to reduce interregional disparities (Tia & Touré, 2016). It is in this context that, in order to mitigate the deficit in energy coverage, the Ivorian State decided to build a hydroelectric dam on the Sassandra River, located in the Soubré city. This infrastructure contributes to general development and human advancement (Skinner et al., 2009). 

However, the construction of this structure is a source of many problems, including massive and forced displacement of populations (Pottinger, 2012) and the destruction of the natural environment with all its components. Aware of the consequences on the natural environment, the Ivorian state in an effort to reconcile environment and development, has included in its development program, the realization of an environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) prior to the implementation of any project likely to have an impact on the environment (Kadjo et al., 2017). The policy of erecting an area for biodiversity conservation within the operating space of an industrial or mining company is recent. 

There is the example of Agbaou which dates from 2017. For the hydroelectric dam development of the Soubré, the ESIA allowed the development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) In order to compensate for habitat losses, the ESMP proposed a restoration and rehabilitation zone immediately downstream of the dam called the Biodiversity Conservation Area (BCA). The BCA would be a sanctuary or refuge area for terrestrial wildlife in general and amphibians in particular. Thematic studies started in June 2017, these have allowed to make an inventory of the vertebrate fauna of this area. It is in this perspective a study on the spatial distribution of the amphibian’s population in this area has been conducted. Several research works on amphibians have been carried out in different protected area of Côte d'Ivoire, namely those of Rödel & Branch (2002), 

Rödel & Ernst (2004) in Taï National Park (the West region), those of Assemian et al. (2015), Kouamé et al. (2018) in Banco National Park (the Southeast region) and Kpan et al.(2014) in Tanoé-Ehy Swamp Forests. This study aims to provide a better understanding and for documenting the amphibian’s diversity of an unprotected forest in order to diagnose the health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. 

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