IJB Journals By INNSPUB | Archive - March Issue 2022

Journal Name: International Journal of Biosciences | IJB

Content of the Issue

Farmer’s knowledge on aquaculture management practices and challenges in Tanzania

By: Frida Nyamete, Joseph Runyogote

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 1-15.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.1-15

Particle size of co-composted biochar: Influence on growth performance of lettuce and concentration of bioavailable soil nutrients under salinity stress conditions

By: Arifa Malik, Shamim Gul, Abdul Hanan Buriro, Hidayatullah Kakar, Tariq Ziad

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 16-28.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.16-28

Chemotherapy of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) under field conditions

By: Saneela Arooj, Salman Ahmad, Muhammad Akhter

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 29-36.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.29-36

Exploring the role of tiny, potent player microRNAs in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under the influence of pathogen attacks: Review

By: Samina Kausar, Rana Badar Aziz, Muhammad Shahbaz, Muhammad Adeel Ghani, Abdullah bin shaikh, Muhammad Shah Nawaz, Mansoor Hameed, Muhammad Zia Shahid, Asad Nawab, Muhammad Usman Shoukat

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 37-51.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.37-51

Physicochemical and microbiological study of fresh cream and fermented butter (Smen) made from camel milk

By: Saïd Mosbah, Ghania Annou, M’hamed Bouricha, Safia Mekkaoui, Boudjenah-Haroun Saliha

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 52-59.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.52-59

Priority Prospective Products and Value-Added Agro-industry Products in Ecotourism Areas in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

By: Meldayanoor, Gusti Muhammad Hatta, Agung Nugroho, Achmad Syamsu Hidayat

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 60-70.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.60-70

Initial report on retailed reef fishes in Talibon and Pres. Carlos P. Garcia main market, Bohol Province, Philippines

By: Jesse Jan Galera, Angelo Responte, Armi Gentales-Torres, Ivani Gerasmio, Maria Luisa Orbita

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 71-85.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.71-85

Compositional and microbiological quality of traditional fermented dried milk “Orud/Khurud”

By: Syed Ubaid Ullah Shah, Syed Muhammad Qasim, Nawab Khan Panezai, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Muhammad Alam, Muhammad Yayah, Zain-Ul-Abideen, Amanullah Kakar, Umbreen Zafar

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 86-98.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.86-98 

GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba Asso of Algeria

By: Mounira Kadri, Sana Goubi, Nasrine Salhi

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 99-109.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.99-109

Use of oral contraception ‹‹pills›› and their effects on blood glucose among students of Public Universities of Côte d’Ivoire

By: Ahebié Magne Elisabeth, Zougrou N’Guessan Ernest, Kablan Kassi Jean-Jacques, Essien N’Da Georgette, Kouakou Koffi

Int. J. Biosci. 20(3), 110-119.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.3.110-119

 Get the full issue by following the link Archive for | IJB |- March, 2022

 Call for Papers 2022 | INNSPUB Journals

INNSPUB Journals invites all respected researchers to submit their research papers, review papers, short communication, etc. in the different fields of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences including Biology, Biodiversity, Environmental Science, Agronomy, Agricultural Research, Ecology, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Oceanology, Oceanography, Hydrology, Plant Sciences, Animal Sciences, Fisheries, Genetics, Biochemistry, Plant Physiology, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Pathology, Cell Biology, Aquatic Biology, and Agricultural Sciences.

 

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Fungal contamination of markets in Warri Metropolis: A threat to food security and human health | JBES 2020

 

By: E. M. Ilondu

This study reveals numerous fungal spores encountered in some markets in Warri metropolis. Market environment may serve as reservoir of human and plant pathogens due to wastes and debris dumped there that support the growth and proliferation of fungal spores. When these spores are inhaled by people may lead to different types of respiratory diseases. Infections of spores can also increase chances of mycotoxin contamination of food and other agricultural commodities sold in the market.

 Abstract

There is always population surge towards physical market because it is a major outlet for purchase of food items and other human needs. Biological contamination of air is one of the serious issues of the environment varying among geographic areas and sampling heights. The aeromycology of three major markets in Warri metropolis which include Effurun market, Igbudu market and Main market using open plate method was evaluated. The study was conducted for the period of six (6) months (April to September, 2017) at two heights: human height (1.5m) and building height (3.5m) and three different locations (foodstuffs, clothing and abattoir sections) in each of these markets. Petri dishes containing PDA medium were exposed for 5 mins and incubated in the laboratory for 2–3 days. Developed fungal colonies were counted and sub-cultured to fresh PDA medium for identification by morphological and microscopic examination using standard identification keys. A total of 6145 colonies with 35 species were isolated and identified. Main fungi identified with their percentage frequency of occurrence include Aspergillus niger 699(11.37%), Mucor mucedo 459(7.47%), Penicillium candidum 404(6.57%), P. digitatum 395(6.43%), Monilia sp 324(5.27%) among others. Off these fungi, members of the Deuteromycotina contributed 46.58%, Ascomycotina 38.76% and Zygomycotina 14.66%. The population of fungal colonies varied from month to month as follows: July>August>June>September>May>April. Human height has 4285(60.73%) colonies while building height was 1860(30.27) colonies. Igbudu market, Main market and Effurun market have 2412, 2030 and 1702 fungal colonies respectively. There are strong indications that these market environments are heavily contaminated with airborne fungal spores which may pose a serious threat to food security and human health. Continuous clean-up exercise of these markets is imperative.

Introduction

The air, depending on the constituents of biological or nonbiological particles regulates the quality of the environment (Mahadeo and Kelpit, 2017). Biological contamination of air can be evaluated by an indoor (intramural) or outdoor (extramural) studies. Their composition and concentration vary greatly with respect to geographical location, human activities, natural sources, meteorological factors, sampling heights and techniques among others (Ginn-Gofron and Bosiacka, 2015: Makut et al., 2014: Mahedeo and Kelpit, 2017: Ghosh et al., 2011). 

Atmosphere of market air contains varied fungal spores that are hazardous to human health of which about 80% have been linked with respiratory disorders (Khan and Fatema, 2015; Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018). Various allergic diseases including Asthma, Aspergilosis, Mycoses, Sinusitis among others have been attributed to inhalation of airborne fungal spores (Ahire and Sangale, 2012; Khan and Fatema, 2015; Hernandez and Martinez, 2018). As opined by Hagale and Patil (2008), airborne fungi have been regarded as indicator of certain level of atmospheric biopollution. Similarly, these fungal spores can settle on surface of food items causing their deterioration thereby reducing the market and nutritive values on one hand and on the other may be toxic to humans when consumed (Okigbo et al., 2008; Atando et al., 2009; Djeri et al., 2010; Fagbohun et al., 2010). On the whole, food security and human health are threatened. 

Markets are the major outlet for purchase or sell of food items, agricultural produce and other human needs. To this effect, there is always influx of people in and out of market environment. This study was conducted with the aim to (i) Isolate and identify fungal species of three market environments in Warri metropolis (ii) Study their occurrence in relation to different locations, meteorological data and sampling heights. It is hoped that the result of this study will sensitize the general public on the impact of fungal spores on their health and environment.

 Discussion

This study has shown that the three market environments in Warri metropolis were contaminated by abundant fungal spores. Major spore types include those of Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium candidum, Monilia sp., Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, P. digitatum and Curvularia pallescens. Most of these fungi have been documented by other researchers in markets (Hogale and Patil, 2008; Ahire and Sangale, 2012; Kakde and Kakde, 2012; Khan and Fatema, 2015) and other environment (Makut et al., 2014; Prasad et al., 2015; Ilondu and Nweke, 2016; Mahadeo and Kalpit, 2017; Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018; Njokuocha and Aguru, 2007, Ghosh et al., 2011). Aspergillus species were the most abundant in this study. Similar occurrence was recorded by Kakde and Kakde (2012), Khan and Fatema (2015); Ilondu and Nweke (2016), Ilondu (2017). Some of these fungi are known to cause allergic reactions in human, skin infections, food spoilage and diseases of plant in the field. As the market environment get contaminated by these spores, health challenges like Asthma, Aspergillosis, Eczema, Mycoses, Sinusitis among others become eminent. 

Generally, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Penicillium and Cladosporium have the history of being allergenic in nature (Hogale and Patil, 2008; Khan and Fatema, 2015) and have been proven to be biodeteriogens (Reddy, 2018). Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia cause mucormycosis in man and animals, a species of Cercospora has been a cause of face lesions in man. Candida albican being implicated for various types of candidiasis in man while Geotrichum candidum is known to cause Geotricosis (Sharma, 1989; Hernandez and Martinez, 2018). The involvement of Curvilaria lunatus in human pneumonia has been reported and as opined by Louis et al. (2017), by year 2047, may have been evolved to a phenotype that will make disease management difficult. Botryodiplodia theobromae, Curvularia lunatus, Cercospora, Alternaria cause leafspot disease of many crops (Ilondu, 2013a; 2013b; Metrotra and Agawal, 2004; Shahzady et al., 2017). Accumulation of some of these fungal spores on food has been reported by Okigbo et al. (2008), Ilondu (2017). Species of Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium have been associated with toxin production in stored food (Atanda et al., 2009; Adebayo-Tayo et al., 2009; Djeri et al., 2010; Fagbohun et al., 2010) which may be carcinogenic when consumed. Among all identified spore types, Deuteromycotina was the most abundant group. 

This is in conformity with the reports of Kakde and Kakde (2012), Ahire and Sangale (2012), Mahadeo and Kalpit (2017). Moreso, Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina have been shown to contain allergic microfungi (Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018). This investigation also revealed that population of fungal colonies varies from month to month, the highest being recorded in the month of July. High humidity and rainfall with low temperature recorded in this month may have favoured the growth, sporulation and spore discharge into the market atmosphere. Availability of natural sources like dead and decaying market waste may have contributed to inoculum upsurge. The lowest concentration of spores observed in the month of April may be as a result of high temperature that does not favour the growth of fungi in the atmosphere. Similar results with regards to variation in the meteorological data were documented by Ahire and Sangole (2012), Grinn- Gofron and Basiacka (2015). 

Since fungi may react simultaneously to a combination of factors, it may not be easy to separate the influence of individual meteorological factors on the occurrence of these spores (Grinn-Gofron and Basiacka, 2015). The highest number of fungal colonies was recorded in Igbudu market compared to others. It could be due to overcrowding, poor sanitation and other human activities as suggested by Ayanbimpe et al. (2010) that population density affect the quality of environment. More so, lack of basic facilities for waste disposal may favour fungal proliferation. Fungal colonies recorded in building height were less in number compared to human height. Khattab and Estelle (2008) indicated that spore types decreased logarithmically with increase in height from the ground, while more airborne spores at human height may be due to proximity to natural sources at ground level and favourable meteorological conditions which aid release and dispersal of the spores. 

Meanwhile, market wastes have been indicated as one key source of fungal spores (Khan and Fatema, 2015). The slaughter section of the markets harboured highest number of fungal colonies, in comparison with foodstuff and clothing sections. It is possible that vigorous activities including dressing of carcass may have led to spread of mycoflora contaminants into the air (Syed and Sarangi, 2013). Nevertheless, the higher colony count in the foodstuff section must have been contributed by decaying and rottening of vegetables and other food items in that section (Khan and Fatema, 2015; Meraj-ul-Haque and Patil, 2016). Similarly, least number of fungal spores recorded in the clothing sections could be as a result of frequent cleaning and some level of hygienic practices observed there (Khan and Fatema, 2015). Therefore the effect of these fungi on human health and food security cannot be over emphasized. Get full articles via original source Fungal contamination of markets in Warri Metropolis: A threat to food security and human health

Journal Name: Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

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Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato | IJAAR 2021

This research paper is written by Mr. M Irfan Ashraf, M Bilal Shaukat and Mr. Waqar Khalid from the Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Mr. Bakhatawar Liaqat, Shazia Kiran, Laraib Anam, and Mr. Zohaib Kaleem from the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, and Mr. M Abdullah from the Wheat Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Lets get some knowledge about it.

Abstract

The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T₃ treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T₃ was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) is considered as domesticated plant of Western and South America (Ali et al., 2012). Tomato ranks second after the potato crop in family Solanaceae while ranks first in term of processed crop. It is an annual vegetable crop grown in summer season. Temperature of 25-280C is favorable temperature for its growth and development (Ejaz et al., 2011). In Pakistan, spring and autumn crops are cultivated twice a year (Naz et al., 2011). China, India, Turkey, Egypt, Italy and Iran are main producer of tomato crop (Ali et al., 2013). Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Mill.) is a rich source of vitamins as well as antioxidants. It does not form acid stones and possesses a great amount of citric acid but forms alkaline, when enters into bloodstream. It also works as a liver cleanser when used in green vegetable juices. 

About 11 million acres in the world are under cultivation of tomato. India and China contribute about 40 percent in global production of tomato. Its demand is increasing with growing population of the world. Currently, Pakistan is standing at the 30th position while the United States of America is at the 1st and China is at the 2nd rank. (GOP, 2015). In Pakistan per acre yield of tomato is very low as compared to the yield of the world. It currently produces 4.00 tons per acre while the global production of tomato is 43 tons per acre. The maximum yield has been achieved in Belgium which is 202 tons per acre. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) is an herbaceous plant. It is a very important cash crop for small as well as bourgeois farmers and cultivated on wide area all over the world. It is a good source of vitamins as well as minerals (GOP, 2015). On the globe, annual production of fresh tomato is accounted for about 159 million tons. While, about quarter of these 159 million tons is used for the processing industry, which makes this crop the world’s leading vegetable crop for processing. 

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) production in Pakistan was 530 thousand tones during the year 2015. The top 8 producing countries account for 74.2% of the world’s yearly production. Tomato crop enjoys a huge export potential owing to its need in the international market. Tomatoes are exported to a number of countries including Afghanistan, Iran, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka and India. Afghanistan as well as Iran and UAE are central market hubs for tomatoes’ export from Pakistan. Pakistan is capable of increasing its share in these markets (GOP, 2015). The area, production and average yield of tomato in Pakistan have been getting varied in different eras. Since the year 2000-01 to the year 2009-10, area under tomato crop has been expanded from 27.9 to 50 thousand hectares and yield has jumped from 268.8 tons to 476.8 thousand tons. The current national yield of tomato crop is based on ten year’s average (10.1 tons/ha) which is very low. To get high yield, vigorous yielding varieties and improved production technologies should have to be adopted. 

The Province Baluchistan is leading province in tomato cultivation annually with an average area of 18.1 thousand hectares followed by KPK and Sindh with area of 15.6 and 10.7 thousand hectares, respectively (GOP, 2016). Low quality and low production of tomato is due to unbalanced application of micro and macro nutrients. The main function of the nutrients is to help the synthesis of chlorophyll and to activate the process of photosynthesis. Micro and macro nutrients are required to tomato crop in specific dose for proper growth and development (Rub and Haq, 2012). To overcome this production deficiency an experiment was arranged to find out best dose of water soluble N, P and K fertilizer. So that the foliar application of soluble fertilizers NPK in different doses is needed to examine to attain a good crop establishment, growth, quality fruit production and healthy yield of tomato crop. It can be beneficial for earning high market price. Get the full articles by following the link Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 18(1), 10-18. January 2021.

Reference

Ali A, Hussain I, Gul H, Masoud S, Khan A, Wahab F, Khan J. 2015. Effect of different doses of foliar fertilizer on yield and physiochemical characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) cultivars under the agro climatic condition of Peshawar. International Journal of Biosciences 7(1), 58-65.

Ali W, Jillani MS, Naeem N, Waseem K, Khan J, Ahmad MJ, Ghazanfarullah. 2012. Evaluation of different hybrids of tomato under the climatic conditions of Peshawar. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 28(2), 207-212.

Anand N. 1973. Studies on leaf analysis and an index of fertilizer needs in tomato M.Sc. (Ag) Dissertation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, T.N. (India).

Anoop K, Indiresh KM. 2015. Effect of water soluble fertilizers on qualitative parameters of tomato. Asian Journal of Horticulture sciences 10(1), 41-44.

Batra VK, Makhan L, Kampoj OP, Arora SK, Suthar MR. 2006. Effect of foliar application of micro nutrients on quality and shelf-life of tomato. Haryana Journal of Horticulture sciences 35(2), 140-142.

Bhatt L, Srivastava BK. 2005. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on physical characteristics and quality attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 75(9), 591-592.

Chaurasia SNS, Singh KP, Rai M. 2005. Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 42, 66-70.

Chaurasia SNS, Singh KP, Rai M. 2006. Response of tomato to foliar application of water soluble fertilizers. Vegetable Science 33(1), 96-97.

Ejaz M, Rehman SU, Waqas R, Manan A, Imran M, Bukhari MA. 2011. Combined efficacy of macronutrients and micronutrients as a foliar application on growth and yield of tomato grown by vegetable forcing. International Journal of Agronomy Veternity and Medicine Sciences 5(3), 327-335.

Government of Pakistan. 2015. Fruits, Vegetables and Condiments statistics of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of food and Agriculture. (Economic Wing), Islambad.

Government of Pakistan. 2016. Pre-feasibility study (offseason vegetable farming–high tunnel).

Guvence I, Badem H. 2000. Effect of foliar application of different sources and levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Indian Journal of Agruicultural sciences 72(2), 104-105.

Jeybal A, Murlidhar RM, Palanippam SP, Helliah SC. 1998. Technical Bulletin on specialty Fertilizers. Agriculture Research Development Institute Secunderabad.

Karpagam R, Kannan M, Natarajan S, Sriniva K. 2004. Studies on the efficacy of foliar feeding of water soluble fertilizers on growth parameters and yield of Brinjal hybrid COBH. Journal of Horticulture 52(6), 139-142.

Kumar U, Chandra G, Raghav M. 2017. Nitrogen management in potato for maximum tuber yield, quality and environmental conservation. Vegetable Science 44(2), 43-418.

Lester GE, Jifon JL, and Makus DJ. 2010. Impact of potassium nutrition on postharvest fruit quality: Melon (Cucumis melo L) case study. Plant and soil 335(1), 117-131.

Narayanamma M, Chiranjeevi C, Reddy CS. 2006. Influence of water soluble fertilizers on yield of brinjal. Journal of vegetable sciences 33, 94-95.

Naz FI, Haq U, Asghar S, Shah AS, Rahman A. 2011. Studies on growth, yield and nutritional composition of different tomato cultivars in Battal Valley of district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 27(4), 569-571.

Rab A, Haq IU. 2012. Foliar application of calcium chloride and borax influences plant growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) fruit. Turkey Journal of Agriculture and Forest 36, 695-701.

Souri MK, Dehnavard S. 2018. Tomato plant growth, leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit quality under nitrogen foliar applications. Advances Horticulture Sciences 32(1), 41-47.

Takahashi N, Maki H, Nishina H, Takayama K. 2013. Evaluation of tomato fruit color change with different maturity stages and storage temperatures using image analysis. IFAC Proceedings 46(4), 147-149.

Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and quality attributes of tomato | IJAAR Journals from Innspub Net

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Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park “The Manila’s Last Lung” using geographic information system (GIS) | JBES Journals

 

By: Juan Enrique D Macaraig, Jan Joseph V Dida, Nathaniel C Bantayan

The research focused on the potential of the Arroceros Forest Park located in Manila, Philippines, as one of the country’s most populated and polluted areas, in storing and sequestering carbon. The Arroceros Forest Park is considered as the “Last Lung of Manila” with a 2.2-hectare area over the last 26 years of existence, the forest park sequesters carbon of an amount of 5.04t C/ha/yr. Despite the formulation of values, lack of studies related to the scale of how more or less the aboveground biomass and carbon stock estimate is. Furthermore, the use of drones and accurate technologies must be used for the large-scale forests for efficient working.

Abstract

In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare areas of the site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. The species with the highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with a value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and the estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total Above-ground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. The site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.

Introduction

Forest has a massive role in the ecosystem. It is composed of trees that function as a sink for the carbons available in the atmosphere. This is also important to human beings as it produces oxygen that is essential to life. Through a continuous collection of carbons from the atmosphere, without disturbances that will compromise the function of trees and forests, the average global temperature will slowly decrease. Without forests, negative impacts such as flash floods and sudden increases in the global temperature would likely occur.

Due to industrialization and modernization, agricultural areas were prioritized forested areas were converted, corals were decolorizing and degrading from the absorption of toxic liquid wastes found in the oceans and seas (Dam, J.W., et al., 2011). Another threat to the environment was the conversion of forest lands to establishments for the creation of different kinds of technologies for efficient production. On the other hand, urbanization leads to the production of different kinds of ways to efficiently work developmental projects and environmental research such fields as Geographic Information systems and Remote Sensing.

This innovation helps forestry adapt to the modern approach to the environment. Urban establishments also use green architecture, different recreational parks, and ecotourism sites were formed for controlling the microclimate of the environment as well tourist attractions. Carbons formed due to the process of the carbon cycle, the interconnected process in the environment, of carbon atoms, with its component; the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, sediment as well as the earth's interior (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019). According to the Royal Society of Chemistry (2020), Carbon, with an atomic number of six (6) had an anatomic weight of 12 u, is widely distributed in every part of the planet.

This element was considered to be one of the important elements discovered on the planet. Also, it is fourth in terms of abundance in the universe through mass and was the second most abundant element to be found in the human body. In spite of pollution from the carbon, Committee on Climate Change performs different activities in order to demote the use of technologies that harms the environment such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) a forum composed of 195 countries in 1992 focuses on areas of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, reporting of national emissions, adapting to climate change, and financing the developing countries that promote climate action. Another activity is the Kyoto Protocol, wherein 37 industrialized countries committed to lowering their greenhouse gas emission to five percent, in the same manner, the United Kingdom voluntarily reduced their greenhouse gas emissions to12.5% from the year 2008 to 2012.

In addition, in December 2015 the committee continues negotiations that lead to the Paris Agreement composed of 160UNFCCC parties including China, the United States, and the European Union. The main goal of the Agreement is to lessen greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the global average temperature from two degrees and below. Furthermore, through forest biomass, different parts of the tree such as the trunk, bark, leaves, branches, and needles, carbon is easily sequestered and stored in trees. In addition, elements such as carbon are very essential in plants and will be recycled to be used in the process called Photosynthesis, which produces glucose and oxygen.

The biomass depends on the size of the forest area Due to this particular reason, forest land conversion is one of the most dangerous things that humans should not have done because, without forest lands, there would not be a huge machine that could face dangerous typhoons such as Yolanda. Also, this inappropriate action could lead to a loss of macronutrients of the soil, as well as micronutrients, and infertility of the particular burned area (Butler, R. 2012). However, carbon stock estimation is the assessment of the forest biomass in terms of carbon. Also, carbon stock estimation would tell if a certain forest area has become a huge success in carbon sequestering for an environment (Vacuum, K, T, 2012). The objective of the study is to calculate the aboveground biomass and carbon stock of the Archers Forest Park, Manila.

Check Out More By Following The Link J. Bio. Env. Sci. 18(1), 17-24, January 2021.

Reference

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Dai Y, Dickinson RE, Wang PY. 2004. A Two-Big-Leaf Model for Canopy Temperature, Photosynthesis, and Stomatal Conductance, Journal of Climate 17(12), ISSN: 0894-8755, Pages 2281-2299.

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