Ijaar vol-15-no-5| Analysis of the population structure 2015 Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici (Pgt) in Kenya using simple sequence repeats markers

 

By: OE Okello, OJ Ochuodho, R Wanyera, S Bhavani, LJ Szabo

Key Words: Pgt SRR markers, Population structure, SSR-MLGs, Wheat stem rust Ug99

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

N Wheat (Triticum astevium) production in Kenya has been severely affected by stem rust Ug99 and its related race groups. The consequence of not controlling this disease is steep decline in the crop production thus creating food insecurity to over 70% of the small-scale holder farmers who depend on it as a source of food as well as income.

The causative agent of the disease Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici (Pgt) has been studied by researchers globally because of its rapid evolution of races within lineage overcoming existing resistant genes. Understanding the population structure will highlight the predominant race(s) as well as their geographical distribution. This information is required to enable breeding for resistant wheat varieties. The objective of this study was to characterize the population structure of Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici population in 2015. Using 10pgt Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers 104 single uredenial-pustule samples were analysed. Minimum spanning network pattern was composed of five Simple Sequence Repeats multi-locus genotypes (SSR-MLGs) that were organized around three nodes based on samples chosen from wheat growing fields with the reference isolates; races TTKSK and TKTTF. In addition to this, non-parametric DAPC analysis showed the presence of single population made up of two predominant races from clade I (Ug99 race group) and clade IV-B (race TKTTF/TTTTF). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) according to Bayesian Information Criterion showed clustering was majorly based within populations (0.576%) rather than among clusters (0.441%). Get the full articles by following the link Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 15(5), 1-7, November 2019.

 

Ijaar vol-15-no-5| Analysis of the population structure 2015 Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici (Pgt) in Kenya using simple sequence repeats markers from Innspub Net

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Olivera P, Newcomb M, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Johnson J, Gale S, Luster DG, Hodson D, Cox JA, Burgin L, Hort M, Gilligan CA, Patpour M, Justesen AF, Hovmøller MS, Woldeab G, Hailu E, Hundie B, Tadesse K, Pumphrey M, Singh RP, Jin Y. 2015. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of race TKTTF of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici that caused a wheat stem rust epidemic in southern Ethiopia in 2013/14. Phytopathology 105, 917-928.

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Wanyera R, Kyalo M, Wanjala M, Harvey J, Szabo LJ. 2017. Genetic characterization of the 2011 wheat stem rust pathogen population in Kenya using SSR markers. Plant pathology unpublished.

 

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Investigation of biogas emitted from a dairy plant lagoon and proposing an innovative Honeycomb Gas Collector(HGC) | JBES V.15 N.3

 

By: Leila Peyman, Hamid Reza GHassemzadeh, Shamsollah Abdollahpoor, Hassan Taghipour

 

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper / manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity,  Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

Peghah Dairy Plant in Tabriz, Iran, near Shahid Madani International Airport uses a combination of two wastewater treatment systems, namely, lagoon and activated sludge system. Presence of a lagoons near airports can affect passengers getting off the planes due to unpleasant odor and has always been a controversial issue from the urban planners’ point of view. Most of the biological activities in the lagoons are anaerobic producing odorous gases as a result. On the other hand, biogas produced by biological activities enters into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. To avoid an environmentally adverse effects of the emitted gases from the lagoon in Peghah Diary Plant in Tabriz, the possibility of using the collected gases from the lagoon in heating processes within the plant was studied. In this study, a single experimental unit of an innovative gas collector, named Honeycomb Gas Collector (HGC), was designed and constructed to cover the surface of the lagoon and lagoon inputs were recorded and samples of biogas from the lagoon were collected and analyzed during April 2016 until March 2019. The highest daily amount of 44.82 m³ biogas from the entire lagoon was recoded in August 2016. Temperature and pH had the most and least significant effect on biogas production respectively. There was a strong relationship with a coefficient of 0.94 between the temperature and the volume of biogas produced. This system proved to be less costly and maintenance free method for covering the lagoon surface.

 Introduction

Peghah Dairy Plant is located in north of Tabriz, Iran, about 1.7km far from Shahid Madani International Airport. Passengers getting off the planes as well as nearby residents are affected by unpleasant odor emitted from lagoon. About 330 to 400 tons of raw milk is delivered to the diary plant for processing on daily basis. Around 1000m3/day of effluent is discharged from the plant. The capacity of anaerobic sewage and the activated sludge systems are 7500m3 and 800m3, respectively.

The high volume of wastewater produced by diary industries, along with their significant contamination, have led to enforcing strict regulations for these industries in different countries. Organic matter in dairy effluents comprises mainly of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (Vlyssides et al., 2012). The dairy industries are one of the most polluting industries not only because of their high volume of wastewater, but also due to its characteristics (Kushwaha et al., 2011). Wastewater from such industries often cannot be treated by aerobic methods alone because of its high toxicity and chemicals as well as high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The amounts of suspended solids are 2000gr/m3, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 3700gr/m3, and BOD 2500gr/m3 (Sabliy et al., 2009). The combined method is the best for the treatment of dairy wastewater. Researchers have proposed an anaerobic-anaerobic treatment method for dairy wastewater treatment (Kushwaha et al., 2011).

The average consumption of milk per capita per year in Iran is about 91kg, while the average consumption in the world is 156kg and in European countries it is 300kg. In order to increase per capita consumption of milk in the country, the volume of milk and dairy products will have to be increased and this will result in producing more wastewater. The wastewater of the dairy industries is warm and has high COD, this makes it suitable for anaerobic treatment in the first stage. Anaerobic processes produce significant amounts of methane. Also the unpleasant odor production occurs in this stage. Whey is one of the most polluting wastewater. Its biochemical constituents are rich in organic matter (Shete, and Shinkar, 2013; Rajshoori et al., 2000). Worldwide cheese production generates more than 145 million tons of whey each year. Wastewater from the cheese industry has a very high level of COD about 50,000 to 80,000mg/L. (Najafpour et al., 2008). 

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Common anaerobic methods in dairy wastewater treatment mainly include Up flow Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (UABR), Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB), up flow Anaerobic Fixed Biofilm Reactor (UAFBR), Anaerobic Lagoon and common aerobic methods include conventional Activated Sludge, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), Sequencing Bach Reactor (SBR) based on activated sludge method. Sometimes the post-treatment phase for the dairy industry wastewater is carried out by physio-chemical methods which include coagulation and flocculation methods. These methods can be referred to as membrane processes such as Nano filtration and reverse osmosis (Kushwaha et al., 2011).

Lagoon systems are suitable for wastewater treatment in food processing industries. Anaerobic lagoons in the US and Australia have high acceptability due to their ability to treat high BOD wastewater, availability of large areas for lagoon construction, and low operating costs (Johns, 1995). It should be noted that due to space constraints in Europe, demand for lagoons is low and they are more inclined to use reactor systems. In Asia, lagoons are mostly used for palm oil purification (BOD>25000mg/L) (Laginestra, 2012).

The main advantage of using lagoon systems is the ease of construction, operation, and maintenance. However, a larger land is needed to build it. It is possible to use the lagoon if the whole complex of treatment system is located out-of-town space of city. Warm weather improves bacterial growth conditions. The pH of the lagoon should be 7 to 8. At pH below 6.5, the condition becomes acidic, odor production and sludge production increases. Under normal anaerobic conditions, organic matter is converted to biogas during the process of Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis and Methanogenesis. If there is no equilibrium between Acidogenesis and Methanogenesis phases, the odor is more likely to be produced (Zhang et al., 2013).

In UASB, Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG) may accumulate. The growth of dispersed grains and the accumulation of sludge and FOG leaching from the reactor cause severe operational problems. To overcome these problems, pre-treatment methods such as fat removal by Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) or the use of some contact reactors will be required (Rilo et al., 2014). This operation needs a long launch time. The reactor requires a skilled operator and continuous monitoring operations. (Rajeshwari et al., 2000).

In the UABR, the wastewater is treated by passing through a number of upward and downward chambers. In this type of reactor, the solids retention time in the reactor is longer than the hydraulic retention time. The severe effect of shocks gradually diminishes on Sequential baffles. Due to the accumulation of gas in the UABR reactor, there is no access to the reactors in case of any problems or to check overflows.

To increase the efficiency in UABR, the media is mounted in the upstream section of the reactor (UAFBR), which is used to prevent sludge escape as well as increase biological contact and subsequently increase the treatment efficiency.

Each of the anaerobic methods already mentioned above require their own equipment and has its own complications. The biogas produced by the anaerobic process includes CH4 (70-60%), CO2 (40- 30%), H2S (10-2000 ppm), N2 (less than 2%), NH3, H2, CO, and O2 (Siefers, 2010). The biogas odor arises mainly from H2S, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and NH3. H2S is extremely odorous and corrosive and even in very small quantities causes severe corrosion in pipes and other equipment (Krich, 2005).

The overall goal is to prevent the releasing of biogas and some odorous gases produced during the anaerobic process into the atmosphere. In the present work, a single experimental unit of an innovative gas collector, named Honeycomb Gas Collector (HGC), was designed and constructed to cover the surface of the lagoon for reducing odor, especially in windy days and preventing methane release into the atmosphere. Then, the amount of methane and hydrogen sulfide in biogas and the factors affecting biogas production were studied over three years.

Get the full articles by following this link  J. Bio. Env. Sci. 15(3), 1-9, September 2019.

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Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin | Ijaar vol-15-no-4

 

By: Eric Etchikinto Agoyi, Konoutan Médard Kafoutchoni, Hospice Samson Sossou, Albérik Allagbé, Maurice Hounguèvou, Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo, Brice Sinsin

 

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

As a preliminary study that sets ground for the introduction of new leguminous vegetables, this survey assessed the state of production and market characteristics of leguminous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of southern Benin.

Covering three administrative departments where most vegetable growers and traders are based in Benin, the study used the semi-structured interview approach with 105 respondents including vegetable growers and traders to gather information on diversity, pest and disease management practices, constraints, distribution channel of leguminous vegetable cultivated and willingness to adopt new leguminous vegetable species and varieties. The results showed clear task division between males and females. While a narrow diversity of leguminous vegetable species was grown in Benin, their production is highly market driven. Tunnel type greenhouse and open field farming were practiced in mono-cropping or crop rotation system with the use of poultry manure, animal dungs and mineral fertilizers as mean of fertilisation. The collectors and wholesalers were the most important stakeholders of the distribution channel, followed by the hotels and restaurants. Major constraints include pest and disease infestations, low yield achieved and lack of improved varieties. All respondents were willing to adopt new leguminous vegetable including vegetable soybean "edamame", peas, pigeon peas, mung bean, faba-beans, common bean. This study provides insights to the current situation and prospects of the legume vegetables sector in Benin, and can be used as decision tool for the introduction of new leguminous vegetable species to promote the sector and make substantial contribution to nutritional security in Benin. Get the full articles by clicking this link Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 15(4), 30-41, October 2019.

Key Words: Leguminous vegetable, Edamame, Phaseolus, Beans

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Bouchenak M, Lamri-Senhadji M. 2013. Nutritional Quality Of Legumes, And Their Role In Cardiometabolic Risk Prevention: A Review. Journal Of Medicinal Food 16(3), Pp.185-198.

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Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15-no-4 from Innspub Net

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Diversity and distribution of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in the Northern region of Cameroon (Afrotropical region)| JBES V.16N.1

By: Antoine Bakoidi, Fri Dobo, Ismaila Djibo, Jean Maoge, Hakan Bozdogan, Léonard S. Tinkeu Ngamo

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper / manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) are insects that larvae prefer dry habitats. They are less known in the Afro-tropical zone and the present study was investigated to determine their diversity in the high Sudano Guinean and Sudano sahelian savannahs of Cameroon. Adults and larvae of antlion were collected in Dang, Mardok, Malang, Tchabal, Garoua, Kaele, Yagoua and Pouss from 2015 to 2017 through adult capture and larval collecting from September to December and from March to April. The present work shows five tribes containing 22 species among them; Nesoleontini and Myrmecaelurini are specific to the Sudano Sahelian zone. Four species namely Myrmeleon obscures Rambur 1842, Creoleon nubifer Rambur 1842, Palpares obscurus Gerstaecker 1888 Creleon sp. Are common to both agroecological zones. M. obscurus, Myrmecaelurus apicalis Navas 1912, P. obsoletus and Cueta bourboni Navas 1935, are the most abundant and abundant species in the high Sudano Guinean and Sudano sahelian savannahs of Cameroon. Fewer or rare species are Hagenomyia tristis Walker 1853; Banyutus hesione Banks 1911; Creoleon africanus Rambur 1842; Nemoleon sp. and Neuroleon striolatum Navas 1914. Get the full articles at J. Bio. Env. Sci. 16(1), 61-71, January 2020.

 

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.

 

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