April 25, 2022

Nutrient supplementation using amino acid for growth and yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. | JBES 2021

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Mr. Elizabeth H Madrid, Helen B Marzan, and Mr. Dominador S Nillo from the institute of the Silkworm R & D Section, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines, and Mr. Annellene M Badua from the College of Education, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, North LaUnion Campus, Bacnotan La Union, Philippines, wrote a research paper entitled "Nutrient supplementation using amino acid for growth and yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori L." This paper were published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, on Volume 18, February issue 2021, under the publication of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSPUB

Abstract

In sericulture, mulberry leaves are the main food source for silkworms. Over the years, researches were conducted on supplementation of essential nutrients to improve mulberry leaf quality in order to meet the nutrient requirements for silkworm growth and development. Hence, this study determined the effect of amino acid (AA) supplementation on the growth and yield of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) and on the occurrence of diseases. A Philippine silkworm hybrid, DMMMSU 346 was used as testing organism and fed with mulberry leaves sprayed with 0.5% AA (given 4x a day); 0.5% AA (given 2x a day); 1.0% AA (given 4x a day); and 1.0% AA (given 2x a day), then compared to the control. The treatments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Data gathered were computed and analyzed using Analysis of Variance and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Results revealed that amino acid supplementation of mulberry leaves at 0.5% concentration and fed to silkworms 4x a day and reared during cold-dry season is ideal for cocoon yield per box, filament length and effective rearing rate. Supplementation of 1% concentration fed 2x a day positively affected larval weight at maturity. Grasserie disease was observed but did not significantly affect the survival rate of silkworm during rearing.

In sericulture, mulberry leaves are the main food source for silkworms. Over the years, researches were conducted on supplementation of essential nutrients to improve mulberry leaf quality in order to meet the nutrient requirements for silkworm growth and development. Hence, this study determined the effect of amino acid (AA) supplementation on the growth and yield of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) and on the occurrence of diseases. A Philippine silkworm hybrid, DMMMSU 346 was used as testing organism and fed with mulberry leaves sprayed with 0.5% AA (given 4x a day); 0.5% AA (given 2x a day); 1.0% AA (given 4x a day); and 1.0% AA (given 2x a day), then compared to the control. The treatments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Data gathered were computed and analyzed using Analysis of Variance and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Results revealed that amino acid supplementation of mulberry leaves at 0.5% concentration and fed to silkworms 4x a day and reared during cold-dry season is ideal for cocoon yield per box, filament length and effective rearing rate. Supplementation of 1% concentration fed 2x a day positively affected larval weight at maturity. Grasserie disease was observed but did not significantly affect the survival rate of silkworm during rearing.

Introduction

Sericulture involves mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and silk production. Although considered as a labor-intensive enterprise, it also contributes to rural development and economic growth in sericulture- engaged countries like the Philippines. Mulberry varieties have been evolved and introduced and traditionally cultivated. These varieties are continuously improved to ensure production of high quality leaf to meet essential nutrient requirement of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), as silk productivity is related to the quantity and quality of mulberry leaves (Akuli et al., 2012; Ramesh, Pushparaj, Prabu, & Rajasekar, 2018 and Ruth, Ghatak, Subbarayan, Choudhury, Gurusubramanian, Kumar & Bin, 2019). Further, nutrition plays a vital role in influencing the performances of different stages of silkworm (Kumar & Balasubramaniyan, 2013). Development of silkworm is greatly influenced by the nutrient composition of the mulberry leaves, which is also the determining factor of the quality of silk (Jyothi et al., 2014 and Ruth et al., 2019). Amino acids as precursors of proteins are essential to all organisms including the silkworms. Literature on nutritional significance of amino acids in silkworm Bombyx mori reveals the quantitative requirements of amino acids (Wang et al., 2017). Amino acids which when bind together as long chains in protein will be broken down to amino acids in the process of digestion mediated by the digestive enzymes in the midgut. The amino acids when separated are released into the blood stream and will be utilized by individual cells to assemble new and, The amino acids when separated are released into the blood stream and will be utilized by individual cells to assemble new and different protein required for specific functions. 

Sericulture involves mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and silk production. Although considered as a labor-intensive enterprise, it also contributes to rural development and economic growth in sericulture- engaged countries like the Philippines. Mulberry varieties have been evolved and introduced and traditionally cultivated. These varieties are continuously improved to ensure production of high quality leaf to meet essential nutrient requirement of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), as silk productivity is related to the quantity and quality of mulberry leaves (Akuli et al., 2012; Ramesh, Pushparaj, Prabu, & Rajasekar, 2018 and Ruth, Ghatak, Subbarayan, Choudhury, Gurusubramanian, Kumar & Bin, 2019). Further, nutrition plays a vital role in influencing the performances of different stages of silkworm (Kumar & Balasubramaniyan, 2013). Development of silkworm is greatly influenced by the nutrient composition of the mulberry leaves, which is also the determining factor of the quality of silk (Jyothi et al., 2014 and Ruth et al., 2019). Amino acids as precursors of proteins are essential to all organisms including the silkworms. Literature on nutritional significance of amino acids in silkworm Bombyx mori reveals the quantitative requirements of amino acids (Wang et al., 2017). Amino acids which when bind together as long chains in protein will be broken down to amino acids in the process of digestion mediated by the digestive enzymes in the midgut. The amino acids when separated are released into the blood stream and will be utilized by individual cells to assemble new and, The amino acids when separated are released into the blood stream and will be utilized by individual cells to assemble new and different protein required for specific functions. Silkworms do not have enzymes required to synthesize all the amino acids. The six amino acids which silkworm can produce are proline, alanine, glycine, serine, tyrosine and cystine. Essential amino acids, required for synthesis of silk (arginine, histidine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine) are obtained only through food. In addition, the silkworm larvae also require either aspartic or glutamic acid for normal growth and development (Ito & Arai, 2003). In relation with silk productivity, cocoon shell percentage hardly exceeds 20% using artificial diet and to some extent, affects good growth and better silk quality. However, the introduction of hormone administration to silkworm larvae is essential to increase cocoon production as it ensures an improvement of 10-20% on cocoon and silk yield (Offord et al., 2016). The silkworm, B. mori is also susceptible to various diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and microsporidia. This susceptibility is further aggravated by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, bad ventilation and nutritional deficiency, which consequently cause considerable damage to silkworm crop (Babu, Ramakrishna, Reddy, Lakshmi, Naidu, Basha & Bhaskar, 2009). Thus, measures are also made to prevent and control diseases which include nutrient supplementation. Aside from evaluating the effects of amino acid supplementation on the growth and yield of silkworm, the study also investigated its impact on disease occurrence in silkworm.

Silkworms do not have enzymes required to synthesize all the amino acids. The six amino acids which silkworm can produce are proline, alanine, glycine, serine, tyrosine and cystine. Essential amino acids, required for synthesis of silk (arginine, histidine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine) are obtained only through food. In addition, the silkworm larvae also require either aspartic or glutamic acid for normal growth and development (Ito & Arai, 2003). In relation with silk productivity, cocoon shell percentage hardly exceeds 20% using artificial diet and to some extent, affects good growth and better silk quality. However, the introduction of hormone administration to silkworm larvae is essential to increase cocoon production as it ensures an improvement of 10-20% on cocoon and silk yield (Offord et al., 2016). The silkworm, B. mori is also susceptible to various diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and microsporidia. This susceptibility is further aggravated by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, bad ventilation and nutritional deficiency, which consequently cause considerable damage to silkworm crop (Babu, Ramakrishna, Reddy, Lakshmi, Naidu, Basha & Bhaskar, 2009). Thus, measures are also made to prevent and control diseases which include nutrient supplementation. Aside from evaluating the effects of amino acid supplementation on the growth and yield of silkworm, the study also investigated its impact on disease occurrence in silkworm.Check out more by following the link Nutrient supplementation using amino acid for growth and yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
 

Reference

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Babu R, Ramakrishna S, Reddy Y, Lakshmi G, Naidu NV, Basha S, Bhaskar M. 2009. Metabolic alterations and molecular mechanism in silkworm larvae during viral infection: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(6), 899-907.

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Ramesh V, Pushparaj K, Ganesh Prabu P, Rajasekar P. 2018. Nutritional supplementation of amino acid l-serine on silkworm Bombyx mori (l.) Larvae in relation to growth rate and silk production. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences 4(5), 301-312. doi: 10.26479/2018.0405.24

Ruth L, Ghatak S, Subbarayan S, Choudhury BN, Gurusubramanian G, Kumar NS, Bin T. 2019. Influence of micronutrients on the food consumption rate and silk production of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) reared on mulberry plants grown in a mountainous agro-ecological condition. Frontiers in Physiology 10, 878. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00878.

Wang D, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Guo K, Guo P, Zhao P, Xia Q. 2017. Proteomics Provides Insight into the Interaction between Mulberry and Silkworm. Journal of Proteome Research 16(7), 2472-2480. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00071.

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