Author Name
Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, and Hossein Miraji
Journal Name
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES
Publisher Name
International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub
Abstract
Researchers
repeatedly discovered primary pharmaceutical contaminants, their metabolites,
and transformation products in aquatic ecosystems. Body metabolism may not
convert consumed pharmaceuticals to their metabolic elements before excretion.
In this case, clinical and industrial wastes ensure their presence in the
environment. Nevertheless, conventional wastewater treatment methods are
ineffective for removing pharmaceutical wastes. Once in the ecosystem, they
alter the physiological response of nontarget exposed aquatic and even
terrestrial organisms due to induced toxicity. In the course of this study at
Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (SWSP), the transport of the quantified
0.104 ppm of metronidazole under advection mode in a laminar flow to a
longitudinal predictive distance of 230 m. Beyond this distance, no significant
concentration changes. The quantified metronidazole had a risk quotient of less
than 1, implying no toxicity risks. Despite being acceptable, their hydrophobic
nature and physiological activeness present a long-term ecological risk such as
developing antibiotic resistance genes, endocrine disruption, and immunity
suppression. A combination of engineered constructed wetlands and adsorption
using biodegradable adsorbents are among natural remedial practices for
eliminating pharmaceuticals with promising efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and
being environmentally friendly.
Get Cited
Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, Hossein Miraji (2022), Transport
behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa
Wastewater Stabilization Ponds; JBES, V20, N2, February, P30-41
https://innspub.net/transport-behavior-and-risk-evaluation-of-pharmaceutical-contaminants-from-swaswa-wastewater-stabilization-ponds/
Introduction
Currently,
social and economic development impose changes in lifestyle by adopting the use
of industrially processed products such as canned foods and synthetic drugs for
health care. Seeking modern shelters lead to increased urbanization that
requires improved sanitation infrastructure. In turn, human activities such as
domestic, industrial, agricultural, wastewater treatment plants, reuse of
sludge, hospital and municipal release contaminated wastewaters (Boberg et al.,
2019; Finkel and Gray, 2021). In most developing countries, wastewater
treatment uses waste stabilization ponds like Swaswa in Dodoma. The design of
this method lacks components for removing emerging contaminants (ECs),
therefore releasing effluents carrying ECs such as pharmaceuticals to the
environment (Marti, Variatza and Balcazar, 2014; Badi, Shetwan and Hemeda,
2019). Drugs help treat humans, animals, and plants, prolong life, improve
function, relieve symptoms, and alleviate pain (Ratola et al., 2012; Fragkaki et
al., 2013; Han et al., 2017; Choudhury and Veeraraghavan, 2018).
Pharmaceutically active compounds, metabolites, and transformation products in
quantifiable levels of all drug categories reported exist in the environment
worldwide, including Tanzania (Rastogi, Leder and Kümmerer, 2015; Miraji et al.,
2016; Ripanda et al., 2022). Fig. 1 presents SWSP and the surrounding area
where irrigated agriculture depends on wastewater.
It
has been reported that about 90% of the antibiotics are excreted via urine and
faeces when administered to humans and animals (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al.,
2020). Thus, a significant amount of antibiotics may pass through target
organisms and then be deposited into aquatic systems (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al.,
2020), hence the possibility of causing harm to the ecosystem. Pharmaceuticals
are among the non-regulated ECs (Jeong et al., 2020; Finkel and Gray, 2021).
These ECs lack standard guidelines for their environmental monitoring and thus
have drawn much scientific attention due to their health and presumed ecological
risks (Li, Yan Zhang, Luyan Liu, Xianshu Ding, 2019; Munschy et al., 2020).
Reports of endocrine disruption and antimicrobial resistance are concerns posed
by Ecs such as pharmaceuticals (Teta et al., 2018). From an environmental aspect,
antibiotics' most prominent effect is the toxic effect on aquatic organisms that
may upset the ecological balance (Nantaba et al., 2020), leading to
conservation failure.
Once
a drug is in the body, Fig. 2 details the metabolic process it undergoes,
basically being metabolized in the liver and its transportation to specific
organs or excretion (Madikizela, Tavengwa, and Chimuka, 2017). Apart from body
excretions, the disposal of unused drugs is an essential root through which
pharmaceuticals get into the environment, to which contaminated points become a
point source (Richards et al., 2016, 2017).
Several physical and chemical
processes simultaneously occur on a chemical, mainly a pharmaceutical product,
once exposed to the environment (Armstrong et al., 2018; Prasse et al., 2018).
Natural processes affect the physical distribution, containment, source-sink,
degradation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ECs
(Rigg, Monnat, and Chavez, 2018; Zhou et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Ouda et al.,
2021). As a result, they might affect the toxicity of a pharmaceutical product
in an ecosystem. Induced factors affecting the transport of contaminants in
flowing water include water withdrawing or pumping and secondary contaminant
production (Awad et al., 2018; Soares et al., 2019). Inherently, analysts'
decisions on the selection of computational values and limits such as Manning's
constant (Oregon, 2014) and dimensionality of transport (Timis, 2010; Yadav) et
al., 2010; Vinet and Zhedanov, 2011) affect the mathematical output and,
therefore, predictability of contaminant transport.
Risk
evaluation of pharmaceutical products is conducted with safety concerns to
ensure that the benefits of these products to human, other organisms, and the
environment outweighs their risks. This helps in better understanding,
generating knowledge, and defining the regulatory and monitoring frameworks for
the safety of the entire ecosystem (Cordaillat-Simmons, Rouanet and Pot, 2020).
The use of pharmaceuticals for human safety is inevitable, thus creating a
continuous deposition, transportation, and later human, animal, aquatic
organisms and the entire ecosystem exposure. The reports on the transport
behavior and risks associated with pharmaceutical contaminants in Swaswa
wastewater stabilization ponds are lacking. Therefore, the current study
focuses on understanding the transport behaviour and risks upon exposure to
pharmaceutical wastes from the Swaswa wastewater stabilization pond.
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