Author Name
Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, and Hossein Miraji
Journal Name
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES
Publisher Name
International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub
Abstract
Researchers
repeatedly discovered primary pharmaceutical contaminants, their metabolites,
and transformation products in aquatic ecosystems. Body metabolism may not
convert consumed pharmaceuticals to their metabolic elements before excretion.
In this case, clinical and industrial wastes ensure their presence in the
environment. Nevertheless, conventional wastewater treatment methods are
ineffective for removing pharmaceutical wastes. Once in the ecosystem, they
alter the physiological response of nontarget exposed aquatic and even
terrestrial organisms due to induced toxicity. In the course of this study at
Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (SWSP), the transport of the quantified
0.104 ppm of metronidazole under advection mode in a laminar flow to a
longitudinal predictive distance of 230 m. Beyond this distance, no significant
concentration changes. The quantified metronidazole had a risk quotient of less
than 1, implying no toxicity risks. Despite being acceptable, their hydrophobic
nature and physiological activeness present a long-term ecological risk such as
developing antibiotic resistance genes, endocrine disruption, and immunity
suppression. A combination of engineered constructed wetlands and adsorption
using biodegradable adsorbents are among natural remedial practices for
eliminating pharmaceuticals with promising efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and
being environmentally friendly.
Get Cited
Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, Hossein Miraji (2022), Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds; JBES, V20, N2, February, P30-41
https://innspub.net/transport-behavior-and-risk-evaluation-of-pharmaceutical-contaminants-from-swaswa-wastewater-stabilization-ponds/
Introduction
Currently,
social and economic development impose changes in lifestyle by adopting the use
of industrially processed products such as canned foods and synthetic drugs for
health care. Seeking modern shelters lead to increased urbanization that
requires improved sanitation infrastructure. In turn, human activities such as
domestic, industrial, agricultural, wastewater treatment plants, reuse of
sludge, hospital and municipal release contaminated wastewaters (Boberg et al.,
2019; Finkel and Gray, 2021). In most developing countries, wastewater
treatment uses waste stabilization ponds like Swaswa in Dodoma. The design of
this method lacks components for removing emerging contaminants (ECs),
therefore releasing effluents carrying ECs such as pharmaceuticals to the
environment (Marti, Variatza and Balcazar, 2014; Badi, Shetwan and Hemeda,
2019). Drugs help treat humans, animals, and plants, prolong life, improve
function, relieve symptoms, and alleviate pain (Ratola et al., 2012; Fragkaki et
al., 2013; Han et al., 2017; Choudhury and Veeraraghavan, 2018).
Pharmaceutically active compounds, metabolites, and transformation products in
quantifiable levels of all drug categories reported exist in the environment
worldwide, including Tanzania (Rastogi, Leder and Kümmerer, 2015; Miraji et al.,
2016; Ripanda et al., 2022). Fig. 1 presents SWSP and the surrounding area
where irrigated agriculture depends on wastewater.
It
has been reported that about 90% of the antibiotics are excreted via urine and
faeces when administered to humans and animals (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al.,
2020). Thus, a significant amount of antibiotics may pass through target
organisms and then be deposited into aquatic systems (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al.,
2020), hence the possibility of causing harm to the ecosystem. Pharmaceuticals
are among the non-regulated ECs (Jeong et al., 2020; Finkel and Gray, 2021).
These ECs lack standard guidelines for their environmental monitoring and thus
have drawn much scientific attention due to their health and presumed ecological
risks (Li, Yan Zhang, Luyan Liu, Xianshu Ding, 2019; Munschy et al., 2020).
Reports of endocrine disruption and antimicrobial resistance are concerns posed
by Ecs such as pharmaceuticals (Teta et al., 2018). From an environmental aspect,
antibiotics' most prominent effect is the toxic effect on aquatic organisms that
may upset the ecological balance (Nantaba et al., 2020), leading to
conservation failure.
Several physical and chemical processes simultaneously occur on a chemical, mainly a pharmaceutical product, once exposed to the environment (Armstrong et al., 2018; Prasse et al., 2018). Natural processes affect the physical distribution, containment, source-sink, degradation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ECs (Rigg, Monnat, and Chavez, 2018; Zhou et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Ouda et al., 2021). As a result, they might affect the toxicity of a pharmaceutical product in an ecosystem. Induced factors affecting the transport of contaminants in flowing water include water withdrawing or pumping and secondary contaminant production (Awad et al., 2018; Soares et al., 2019). Inherently, analysts' decisions on the selection of computational values and limits such as Manning's constant (Oregon, 2014) and dimensionality of transport (Timis, 2010; Yadav) et al., 2010; Vinet and Zhedanov, 2011) affect the mathematical output and, therefore, predictability of contaminant transport.
Reference
Ali AM. 2018. ‘Detection of PPCPs in marine
organisms from contaminated coastal waters of the Saudi Red Sea’, Science of
the Total Environment. Elsevier B.V 621, pp. 654-662. doi: 10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2017.11.298.
Anderson C, Destouni G. 2001. ‘Risk‐Cost Analysis in Ground
Water Contaminant Transport: The Role of Random Spatial Variability and
Sorption Kinetics’, Ground water 39(1), pp. 35-48.
Armstrong DL. 2018. Degradation of triclosan and
triclocarban and formation of transformation products in activated sludge using
benchtop bioreactors, Environmental Research. DOI: 10.1016/ j.envres.
2017.10.048.
Awad AH. 2018. ‘Air microbial quality in certain
public buildings, Egypt: A comparative study’, Atmospheric Pollution Research.
Elsevier B.V 9(4), pp. 617-626. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2017.12.014.
Badi I, Shetwan A, Hemeda A. 2019. ‘A grey-based
assessment model to evaluate health-care waste treatment alternatives in
Libya’, Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 2(3),
pp. 92-106. doi: 10.31181/ oresta1903092b.
Boberg J. 2019. ‘A pragmatic approach for human risk
assessment of chemical mixtures’, Current Opinion in Toxicology. Elsevier B.V 15,
pp. 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.11.004.
Choudhury AR, Veeraraghavan A. 2018. ‘Treatment of Highly
Concentrated Effluent Generated from Intermediate Chemical and Bulk Drug
Industries Renovated with Tertiary Removal’, (December) pp. 1-5. DOI:
10.19080/IJESNR. 2018.12.555831.
Cordaillat-Simmons M, Rouanet A, Pot B. 2020. ‘Live
biotherapeutic products: the importance of a defined regulatory framework’,
Experimental and Molecular Medicine. Springer US 52(9), pp. 1397-1406. DOI:
10.1038/s12276-020-0437-6.
Felis E. 2020. ‘Antimicrobial pharmaceuticals in the
aquatic environment – occurrence and environmental implications’, European
Journal of Pharmacology. Elsevier BV 866, p. 172813. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.
2019.172813.
Finkel AM, Gray GM. 2021. ‘The Pebble Remains in the
Master’s Hand: Two Careers Spent Learning (Still) from John Evans’, Risk
Analysis 41(4), pp. 678-693. DOI: 10.1111/risa.13649.
Fragkaki AG. 2013. ‘Sports doping: Emerging designer
and therapeutic β2-agonists’, Clinica Chimica Acta, pp. 242-258. DOI:
10.1016/j.cca. 2013.07.031.
Furlong ET. 2017. ‘Nationwide reconnaissance of
contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking waters of the
United States: Pharmaceuticals’, Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier B.V
579, pp. 1629-1642. DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2016.03.128.
Van Genuchten MT. 2013. ‘Exact analytical solutions
for contaminant transport in rivers 1. The equilibrium advection-dispersion
equation’, Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61(2), pp. 146-160. DOI:
10.2478/johh-2013-0020.
Gilcreas FW. 1967. Future of standard methods for
the examination of water and wastewater., Health laboratory science.
Grenni P. 2019. ‘Sulfamethoxazole persistence in a
river water ecosystem and its effects on the natural microbial community and
Lemna minor plant’, Microchemical Journal. Elsevier 149, p. 103999. DOI:
10.1016/j.microc.2019.103999.
Gunnarsson, Lina Snape, Jason R, Verbruggen, Bas
Owen, Stewart F Kristiansson, Erik Margiotta-Casaluci, Luigi Österlund, Tobias
Hutchinson, Kathryn Leverett, Dean Marks, Becky Tyler CR. 2019. ‘Pharmacology
beyond the patient – The environmental risks of human drugs’, Environment
International. Elsevier 129, pp. 320-332.
Gunnarsson, Lina Snape, Jason R Verbruggen, Bas
Owen, Stewart F, Kristiansson E, Margiotta-Casaluci, Luigi Österlund T,
Hutchinson, Kathryn Leverett, Dean Marks, Becky Tyler CR. 2019. ‘Pharmacology
beyond the patient – The environmental risks of human drugs’, Environment
International. Elsevier 129(April) pp. 320-332. DOI:
10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.075.
Han B. 2017. ‘Prescription opioid use, misuse, and
use disorders in U.S. Adults: 2015 national survey on drug use and health’,
Annals of Internal Medicine 167(5), pp. 293-301. DOI: 10.7326/M17-0865.
Hasan S. 2018. ‘Changing Nature of Waste :
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Changing Nature of Waste :
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products’ (August), pp. 1-9.
Hossein M. 2018. ‘Spatial Occurrence and Fate
Assessment of Potential Emerging Contaminants in the Flowing Surface Waters’,
Chemical Science International Journal 24(2), pp. 1-11.
Jaiswal DK, Kumar A, Yadav RR. 2011. ‘Analytical
Solution to the One-Dimensional Advection-Diffusion Equation with Temporally
Dependent Coefficients’, Journal of Water Resource and Protection 03(01), pp.
76-84.
Jeong Y. 2020. ‘Accumulation and time trends
(2003-2015) of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless
porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) from Korean coastal waters’, Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Elsevier BV 385(2020), p. 121598. DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121598.
Khan HK, Rehman MYA, Malik RN. 2020. ‘Fate and
toxicity of pharmaceuticals in water environment: An insight on their
occurrence in South Asia’, Journal of Environmental Management. Elsevier Ltd 271,
p. 111030. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jenvman.2020.111030.
Li Yan Zhang, Luyan Liu, Xianshu Ding J. 2019.
‘Ranking and prioritizing pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment of China’,
Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier BV 658, pp. 333-342. DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.048.
Li Y. 2019. Insight into the distribution of
pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems, Water Research. DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.039.
Lv Y. 2020. ‘Sources, concentrations, and transport
models of ultrafine particles near highways: a Literature Review’, Building and
Environment. Elsevier Ltd 186, p. 107325.
Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L. 2017. ‘Status
of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies: Occurrence, removal and analytical
methods’, Journal of Environmental Management. Elsevier Ltd 193, pp. 211-220.
Makokola SK, Asha Ripanda, Hosein Miraji. 2020.
‘Quantitative Investigation of Potential Contaminants of Emerging Concern in
Dodoma City: A Focus at Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds’, Egyptian
Journal of Chemistry, 63(Special Issue (Part 2) Innovation in Chemistry, April
2020), pp. 5-6.
Marti E, Variatza E, Balcazar JL. 2014. ‘The role of
aquatic ecosystems as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance’, Trends in
Microbiology. Elsevier Ltd 22(1), pp. 36-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.001.
Mir-Tutusaus JA, Sarrà M. 2020. ‘Fungal Reactors: A
Solution for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Urban and Hospital Wastewater’,
in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Berlin
Heidelberg pp. 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_660.
Miraji H. 2016. ‘Research Trends in Emerging
Contaminants on the Aquatic Environments of Tanzania’, Scientifica, 2016. DOI:
10.1155/2016 /3769690.
Munschy C. 2020. ‘Legacy and emerging organic
contaminants: Levels and profiles in top predator fish from the western Indian
Ocean in relation to their trophic ecology’, Environmental Research. Elsevier
Inc 188, p. 109761. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres. 2020. 761.
Nantaba F. 2020. ‘Occurrence, distribution, and
ecotoxicological risk assessment of selected pharmaceutical compounds in water
from Lake Victoria, Uganda’, Chemosphere. Elsevier Ltd 239, p. 124642. DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124642.
Oregon. 2014. ‘Hydraulic roughness (Manning’s n)
values of conduits and channels’, Hydraulics designs manual (3), pp. 1-17.
Available at: https://digital. osl.state.or.us/islandora/object/osl:41805.
Ouda M. 2021. ‘Emerging contaminants in the water
bodies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A critical review’, Science
of the Total Environment. Elsevier BV 754, p. 142177. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2020.142177.
Pérez Guerrero JS. 2013. ‘Analytical solutions of
the one-dimensional advection-dispersion solute transport equation subject to
time-dependent boundary conditions’, Chemical Engineering Journal 221, pp.
487-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.095.
Pilla R. 2020. ‘Effects of metronidazole on the
fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs’, Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine 34(5), pp. 1853-1866. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15871.
Prasse C. 2018. ‘Unexpected transformation of
dissolved phenols to toxic dicarbonyls by hydroxyl radicals and UV light’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
115(10), pp. 2311-2316. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 17158215.
Raei E, Nikoo MR, Pourshahabi S. 2017. ‘A
multi-objective simulation-optimization model for in situ bioremediation of
groundwater contamination: Application of bargaining theory’, Journal of
Hydrology. Elsevier BV 551, pp. 407-422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.06.010.
Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K. 2015. ‘Re-Designing
of Existing Pharmaceuticals for Environmental Biodegradability: A Tiered
Approach with β-Blocker Propranolol as an Example’, Environmental Science and
Technology 49(19), pp. 11756-11763. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03051.
Ratola N. 2012. ‘Occurrence of organic
microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review’, Journal
of Hazardous Materials 239-240, pp. 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2012.05.040.
Richards S. 2016. ‘Temporal variability in domestic
point source discharges and their associated impact on receiving waters’,
Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier BV 571, pp. 1275-1283. DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.166.
Richards S. 2017. ‘Potential tracers for tracking
septic tank ef fl uent discharges in’, Environmental Pollution. Elsevier Ltd 228,
pp. 245-255.
Rigg KK, Monnat SM, Chavez MN. 2018. ‘Opioid-related
mortality in rural America: Geographic heterogeneity and intervention
strategies’, International Journal of Drug Policy 57, pp. 119-129.
Ripanda AS. 2022. ‘A Review on Contaminants of
Emerging Concern in the Environment : A Focus on Active Chemicals in
Sub-Saharan Africa’, Applied sciences 12(56), p. 29.
Sander GC, Braddock RD. 2005. ‘Analytical solutions
to the transient, unsaturated transport of water and contaminants through
horizontal porous media’, Advances in Water Resources 28, pp. 1102-1111. DOI:
10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.10.010.
Savina M, Lacroix G, Ruddick K. 2010. ‘Modelling the
transport of common sole larvae in the southern North Sea: Influence of
hydrodynamics and larval vertical movements’, Journal of Marine Systems.
Elsevier BV 81(1-2), pp. 86-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.008.
Scientific TF. 2012. ‘Safety Data Sheet . ةم سلا تانايب
ةرشن Safety Data Sheet’, Material Safety Data Sheet 4(2)(1), pp. 8-10.
Available at: https://us.vwr.com/assetsvc/asset/en_US/id/16490607/contents.
Seedher N, Sigh B, Singh P. 1999.
‘mode-of-interaction-of-metronidazole-with-bovine-serum-albumin.pdf’, Indian J.
Pharm. Sci 51(3), pp. 143-148.
Soares J. 2019. ‘Structure-cytotoxicity relationship
profile of 13 synthetic cathinones in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal
cells’, NeuroToxicology. Elsevier 75, pp. 158-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.
Teta C. 2018. ‘Occurrence of oestrogenic pollutants
and widespread feminisation of male tilapia in peri-urban dams in Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe’, African Journal of Aquatic Science 43(1), pp. 17-26. DOI:
10.2989/16085914.2017.1423269.
Timis EC. 2010. ‘Advection-Dispersion Model for
Nutrient Dynamics in River Swale’, Proceedings of the Xviii International
Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources (Cmwr 2010). Available
at: https://publons.com/publon/6605315/.
Vasquez MI. 2014. ‘Environmental side effects of
pharmaceutical cocktails: What we know and what we should know’, Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Elsevier BV 279, pp. 169-189.
Vinet L, Zhedanov A. 2011. ‘A “missing” family of
classical orthogonal polynomials’, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and
Theoretical 44(8), pp. 1-14. DOI: 10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201.
Wang J. 2015. ‘Fate and proliferation of typical
antibiotic resistance genes in five full-scale pharmaceutical wastewater
treatment plants’, Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier BV 526, pp.
366-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.046.
Wells DA. 2000. ‘Solid-Phase Extraction With
Cartridges’, Sample Preparation Solutions III, pp. 4135-4141. DOI:
10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-4918-0.
Whitehead PG. 2021. ‘Modelling microplastics in the
river thames: Sources, sinks and policy implications’, Water (Switzerland) 13(6),
pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.3390/w13060861.
Xu Y. 2001. ‘Liquid-liquid extraction of
pharmaceuticals by aqueous two-phase systems’, Revista Brasileira de Ciencias
Farmaceuticas /Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 37(3), pp. 305-320.
Yadav RR. 2010. ‘One-dimensional temporally
dependent advection-dispersion equation in porous media: Analytical solution’,
Natural Resource Modeling 23(4), pp. 521-539. DOI:
10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00072.x.
Zeng YH, Huai WX. 2014. ‘Estimation of longitudinal
dispersion coefficient in rivers’, Journal of Hydro-Environment Research.
Elsevier BV 8(1), pp. 2-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jher.2013.02.005.
Zhou Y. 2018. ‘Chiral pharmaceuticals : Environment sources, potential human health impacts, remediation technologies and future perspective’, Environment International. Elsevier 121, pp. 523-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.041.
..png)
0 comments:
Post a Comment