Modified Crab-Shell Chitosan for Dye Adsorption and Optimization | JBES 2026

M. Priyanga, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. V. Gomathi Priya, depertment of the Post Graduate & Research Centre of Microbiology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, India.   P. Bhuvaneswari, depertment of the JP College of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, College Road, Agarakattu, Ayikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. T. Shanmuga Vadivu, depertment of the JP College of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, College Road, Agarakattu, Ayikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. S. Viswanathan, depertment of the Post Graduate & Research Centre of Microbiology, Sri Paramakalyani, depertment of the College, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, India. G. Annadurai, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. R. Soranam, depertment of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. Wrote a research article about, Modified Crab-Shell Chitosan for Dye Adsorption and Optimization. entitled, Using chitosan made from modified chitosan (Crab shells) for dye adsorption, equilibrium, kinetic, and response surface methods. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences.  under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Adsorption techniques based on the use of natural polymers, such as non-toxic chitosan, which is made from leftover crab shells by demineralization (acid treatment) and deproteinization (alkaline treatment), have drawn more attention in recent years. The most popular method for advanced wastewater treatment is adsorption. Because of its many functional uses, chitosan is frequently employed as an efficient biomaterial in the field of adsorption. Chitosan’s hydroxyl (-OH) and amine (-NH2) groups make it one of the most appropriate and adaptable adsorbents. By adding more functions to its fundamental structure, chitosan adsorption capability and selectivity can be further enhanced. While the Langmuir, Freundlich Isotherms study and kinetics investigations demonstrated that the adsorption process was suited by pseudo-first-order and second order for dye, the results from isotherm models demonstrated that the adsorption of dye on chitosan corresponded well with the Freundlich model. These three distinct factors influencing methylene blue adsorption performance were chosen for modelling and optimization procedures utilizing response surface methods in a central rotating composite design. A second-degree polynomial equation was used to predict the percentage of methylene blue elimination by chitosan made from crab shells. With an R2 = 0.9934 and a Radj = 0.9849, the proposed model was valid and accurately described the phenomenon investigated in the experimental area.

Introduction

When numerous industries produce garbage that seriously pollutes the environment, environmental protection becomes a challenging undertaking. Large amounts of aqueous wastes and dye effluents with high BOD loading and strong, lasting color are released from the dyeing process in the textile sector, which is unsatisfactory from an aesthetic and environmental standpoint (Annadurai and Krishnan, 1997). Aquatic life is seriously at risk because the majorities of these dye wastes are poisonous and may cause cancer (Vandevere et al., 1998). Consequently, the elimination of dyestuffs from effluents becomes crucial, and numerous governments have imposed environmental regulations concerning the quality of colored effluents and mandated that enterprises that use dyes decolorize their effluents before to discharge. Numerous conventional dye removal treatment systems, including trickling filters, activated sludge, chemical coagulation, carbon adsorption, and photodegradation processes, have been thoroughly studied (Vandevere et al., 1998; Ganesh et al., 1994; Gan Yang et al., 2008). Among these chemical and physical techniques, the adsorption process is reasonably successful in producing a highquality effluent without the production of hazardous compounds like ozone and free radicals during the UV photodegradation process.

Activated carbon (Walker and Weatherley, 1997), peat (Poots et al., 1976a;1976b; Ho and Mckay, 1998), pith (Mckay et al., 1987; Namasivayam et al., 1998; Ho and Mckay, 1999; Namasivayam et al., 2001; Namasivayam et al., 2002), fuller's earth (Atun et al., 2003; Mckay et al., 1985), and wood (Poots et al., 1976a;1976b; Asfour et al., 1985). The potential uses of polymeric nanoparticles in medicine and nanotechnological devices, especially as drug delivery vehicles, have drawn more interest in recent years. These nanoparticles are manufactured with a regulated composition, unique supramolecular structures, and dimensions. Due to intra- and or intermolecular interactions of hydrophobic segments in aqueous media, these polymeric nanoparticles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments have special properties, including thermodynamic stability, unusual rheological features, and the structure of a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core (Chu and Tsui, 1999; El-Geundi, 1991; Grau, 1991). Polymeric amphiphiles have been thoroughly investigated and identified as promising medication and gene delivery vehicles due to their ability to decrease harmful side effects and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Preparing biodegradable and nontoxic polymeric amphiphiles based on natural biomaterials like chitosan has received a lot of attention lately.

Chitin is deacetylated to generate chitosan, a heteropolymer comprising β - [1→4]-2-amino-2- deoxy-D-glucopyranose and β - [1→4]-2-acetamido2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. An essential part of the adsorption process is chitosan; a type of natural polysaccharide made from chitin. The b (1-4)-2- amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose (D-glucosamine) repeating unit makes up the majority of chitosan, a polysaccharide that also contains trace amounts (less than 20%) of N-acetyl-D glucosamine residues (Ali Aberoumand and Maryam Hosseinian, 2025). The polymer has a very high affinity for a variety of dye classes, including disperse, direct, reactive, and acid dyes. It is also non-toxic and biodegradable. Through electrostatic attraction, cationized amino groups can adsorb anionic dye molecules in an acidic aqueous media. The manufacture of chitosan from crab shells is the subject of the proposed study (Musmade and Lalit Mahatma Ali Aberoumand, 2021). The purpose of this research is to achieve the best removal efficiency of methylene blue with short contact and settling durations. Chitosan has been well examined for its capacity to remove dye from textile wastewater effluent. Experiments on a bench scale were carried out to investigate the impact of temperature and pH. Because of its vast surface area, the chitosan is thought to have a greater capacity. The sorption behavior of the chitosan research will be examined (Anggraeni et al., 2024).

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Article source : Using chitosan made from modified chitosan (Crab shells) for dye adsorption, equilibrium, kinetic,and response surface methods