Interaction on the Diet and Substrate on the Growth of Archachatina Marginata in Breeding | JBES 2023

Author Information

Kouassi Kouadio Daniel* (Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Tropicale,Boîte Postale, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire) 

N’guessan N’guessan Olivier (Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Tropicale,Boîte Postale, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire) 

Aman Jean-Baptiste (Université Nangui Abrogoua, Laboratoire de Biologie et Cytologie Animales, Côte d'Ivoire)

Journal Name

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.

Introduction

Naturally available food resources play a fairly substantial role in populations (Sodjinou et al., 2002). Among these resources, African giant snails (or Achatines) belonging to the family Achatinidae are found there. These snails are highly valued by many African populations (Zongo 1995). For example, Achatine meat is the most consumed meat in South Benin ahead of aulacode, chicken, sheep or goats, beef and pork (Sodjinou et al., 2002). It is estimated that in Côte d'Ivoire, the population eats 7.9 million kg of snails per year, while in Ghana; demand clearly exceeds production capacity (Cobbinah et al., 2008).

Unfortunately, these protein resources are becoming scarce in their natural environment. To compensate for these deficits, heliculture is one of the alternatives to diversify the sources of animal protein of populations. It is therefore right that initiatives to breed these animals should be carried out in order to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for their consumption, but also to ensure the sustainability of the resource. Thus, several research initiatives on the pace of activity, growth (Ejidike et al., Otchoumou et al., 2004; Kouassi et al., 2016), on reproduction (Otchoumou et al., 2005, Kouassi, 2008) as well as on snail farming substrate were supported (Kouassi et al., 2016; Awohouedji et al., 2017). Indeed, the success of such breeding goes beyond the control of the feed, the breeding substrate, the pathology of these animals, but also and above all by a healthy appreciation of the food according to the different types of breeding substrate.

Thus, the substrate is a key element for snails as it is both a source of mineral nutrients and a refuge. In terms of snail production, several studies have shown the effect of feeding (Kouassi et al., 2007, Kouassi, 2002) or farming substrate on the growth and reproduction of these animals by a variation in calcium levels. However, to our knowledge, no studies have yet been devoted to the combined effect of diet and substrate. The objective of this study is to highlight the combined effect of diet and culture substrate on the live weight and growth of the shell of Archachatina marginata in order to optimize its rearing. It was therefore necessary to evaluate the combined effect of food and substrate on the weight and shell growth of snails. Check out more by following the link Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata in breeding

Reference

Awohouedji DYG, Attakpa EY, Babatounde S, Alkoiret TI, Ategbo JM, Aman JB, Kouassi KD, Karamoko M, Otchoumou A. 2011. Effet de la teneur en poudre de coquille d’huître dans le substrat d’élevage sur la croissance d’Archachatina marginata, Journal of Applied of Biosciences 47, 3205-3213.

Bouye TR, Ocho-Anin AAL, Memel JD, Otchoumou A. 2017. Effet de l’amendemant au carbonate de calcium (mikhart) de substrat d’élevage sur les performances de reproduction de l’escargot Achatina achatina (Linné 1758).

Chevalier H. 1992. L’élevage des escargots: production et préparation du petit gris, Edition du point vétérinaire, Paris 144 p.

Cobbinah JC, Adri V, Ben O. 2008. L’élevage d’escargots : Production, transformation et commercialisation. Première édition, Wageningen, (Pays-Bas) 84p.

Ebenso I. E. 2003. Dietary calcium supplements for edible tropical land snails Archachatina marginata in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15(5).

Ejidike BN, Afolayant TA, Alokan JA. 2004. Observations on some climatic variables and dietary influence on the performance of cultivated African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata): notes and records. Pakistan journal of Nutrition 3(6), 362-364.

Graham SM. 1978. Seasonal influences on the nutritional status and iron consumption of a village people in Ghana. University of Guelph. Canada (Thesis) 180p.

Jess S, Mark RJ. 1989. The interaction of the diet and substrate on the growth of Helix aspersa (Müller) var. maxima. Slug Snails Word Agriculture 41, 311-317.

Kouassi KD, Aman JB, Karamoko M. 2016. Growth performance of Archachatina marginata bred on the substrate amended with industrial calcium: Mikhart. International Journal of Science and Research 5(1), 582-586.

Kouassi KD, Aman JB. 2014. Effet de l’amendement du substrat d’élevage en différentes sources de calcium sur la croissance de Archachatina marginata. Journal of Advances in Biology 6(1), 835-842.

Kouassi KD, Otchoumou A, Dosso H. 2007. Effets de l’alimentation sur les performances biologiques chez l’escargot géant Africain: Archachatina ventricosa (Gould 1850) En Élevage Hors sol. LRRD 19, 1620.

Kouassi KD. 2002. Impact de trois espèces d’escargots sur quelques plantes de l’université d’Abobo-Adjamé: Inventaire et préférence alimentaire. Mémoire de DEA, UFR-SN, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé/Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire 48p.

Kouassi kD. 2008. Effet de l’alimentation et du substrat d’élevage sur les performances biologiques de Archachatina ventricosa (Gould 1850) et quelques aspects de la collecte des escargots géants de Côte d’Ivoire. Thèse unique, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé; n°32, 125p.

Otchoumou A, Dosso H, Fantodji A. 2003. Elevage comparatif d’escargots juvéniles Achatina achatina (Linné, 1758); Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1820) et Archachatina ventricosa (Gould, 1850): effets de la densité animale sur la croissance, l’ingestion alimentaire et le taux de mortalité cumulée, Revue Africaine de Santé et de Production Animale 1(2), 146-151.

Otchoumou A, Dupont-Nivet M, Dosso H. 2004. Les escargots comestibles de Côte d’Ivoire: effets de quelques plantes, d’aliments concentrés et de la teneur en calcium alimentaire sur la croissance d’Archachatina ventricosa (Gould, 1850) en élevage hors-sol en bâtiment. Tropicultura 22(3), 127-133.

Otchoumou A, Dupont-Nivet M, N’da K, Dosso H. 2005. L’élevage des escargots comestibles africain: effet de la qualité du régime et du taux de calcium alimentaire sur les performances de reproduction d’Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1820). Livestock Research for Rural Development. 17(10) www.cipav.org.co/lrrd17/10/otch/17118.htm.

Sodjinou E, Biaou G, Codjia J-C. 2002. Caractérisation du marché des escargots géants africains (Achatines) dans les départements de l’Atlantique et du Littoral au Sud-Bénin. Tropicultura 20(2), 83-88.

Zongo D, Coulibaly M, Diambara O, Adjire E. 1990. Note sur l’élevage de l’escargot géant africain Achatina achatina. Nature et Faune 6(2), 32-4.

 

Read More

Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Gabon | IJAAR 2022

Author Name

Pamphile Nguema Ndoutoumou, Gino Boussiengui Bousssiengui, Armelle Lyvane Ntsame Affane, Charlène Kady Ignanga Mouyombi, and Crépin Ella Missang.

Journal Name

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR

Publisher

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forestproducts (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.

Introduction

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), through their multiple uses, contribute to the subsistence of populations and provide them with income (Shankar et al., 2001; Walter, 2001; Mbolo et al., 2002; Biloso & Lejoly, 2006; Vermeulen et al., 2009). The use of various categories of non-timber forest products is sometimes the only source of income for some rural populations (Nguenang et al., 2010; Thiombiano et al., 2010; Ngoya-Kessy, 2011). In recent years, NTFPs have considerably aroused interest worldwide as it contribution to household economy and food security is increasingly recognized (Lescuyer, 2010; Loubelo, 2012), as well as to the achievement of environmental objectives such as the conservation of plant biodiversity (Arnold & Ruiz, 2001; Doucet, 2006; Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006). According to the above- mentioned authors and Lehoux and Chakib (2012), these products play a role in terms of food, economic value and their usage for divers purposes (Sunderland et al., 2003; Tchiegang & Mbougueng, 2005; Betti & Lejoly, 2010; Priso et al., 2011). 

According to Tchatat and Ndoye (2006), the question of reasonable management of NTFPs is of great importance in meeting sustainable development objective. Vermeulen et al. (2009) point out the need to know the techniques used for the exploitation of plant genetic resources on the one hand, and the promotion of the domestication of these resources in their different regions, on the other hand. Plants of the Marantaceae family are mainly distributed across the ecologies of tropical America and Africa (Cabezas et al., 2005; Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006). 

 Related article Research Paper | Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production By INNSPUB Journals

These are monocotyledons with fairly significant genetic variability, which offers many uses to the populations. For example, the use of Haumania liebrechtsiana (De Wild. & T. Durand) is preferred over other Marantaceae because of its flexible stem used for building huts, basketwork and making fishing vessels. The bevelled pieces of internodes are also used to build cages for rat traps. The stem rings can be made and used to hold bundles of wood and leaves (Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006). According to the same authors, the stems of Hypselodelphys violacea (Ridl.) are also used for traps making. The rings formed with these stems are used to hold together bundles of wood and leaves. The strips detached from the petiole of Marantochloa manii (Benth.) are used in basketry, in cooking as ties for cassava sticks and various packets of food, as well as ties for bundles Marantaceae leaves. According to Ndouano & Ada-Ntoutoume (2002), the leaves of Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Benth.) were used as vegetable roof tiles to cover huts or waterproof clothing. However, the most prominent use of those leaves is for food packaging (e.g., cassava sticks) as well as food storage and food cooking of various types of food products. The cortical strips of the petioles (free from the pith) are used for weaving fishing tools, but also as ties to fix the leaves on the roofs or consolidate bundles. The short leaves of Sarcophrynium brachystachys (Benth.) are widely used by women for wrapping short cassava sticks. 

The aim of this present study is twofold: firstly, to identify the species of Marantaceae exploited by the peasants in the central Gabon, and secondly laying the foundations of the domestication of this perishable resource. This study is therefore of multiple interest, from a social, economic, ecological and scientific standpoint. Check out more by following the link Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Gabon

Reference

Arnold JEM, Ruiz PM. 2001. Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives ? Ecological Economics 39, 437-447.

Betti JL, Lejoly J. 2010. Contribution à la connaissance des plantes médicinales de la réserve de biosphère du Dja au Cameroun : plantes utilisées dans le traitement des maux de dos. Intern. Journ. of Biolog. and Chem. Sc. 4(1), 193-200.

Biloso A, Lejoly J. 2006. Etude de l’exploitation et du marché des produits forestiers non ligneux à Kinshasa. Tropicultura 24(3), 183-188.

Cabezas FJ, De la Estrella M, Aedo C, Velayos M. 2005. Marantaceae of Equatorial Guinea. Ann. Bot. Fennici 42, 173-184. ISSN 0003-3847.

Doucet JL. 2006. L’alliance délicate de la gestion forestière et de la biodiversité dans les forêts du Centre du Gabon. Thèse de doctorat, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgique. 390 pp.

Koechlin J. 1964. Scitaminales : Musacées, Strélitziacées, Zingibéracées, Cannacées, Marantacées. — In : Aubréville, A. (ed.) Flore du Gabon 9, 1-172. Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

Lehoux H, Chakib A. 2012. Rapport provisoire PFNL au Gabon. Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP. http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/78836/fr.

Lescuyer G. 2010. Importance économique des produits forestiers non ligneux dans quelques villages du Sud-Cameroun. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 304(2), 15-24.

Lompo D, Ouedraogo M, Theilade I, Boussim IJ. 2007. Use of Non-Wood Forest Products by local people bordering the “Parc National Kaboré Tambi”, Burkina Faso. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies 6(1), 21.

Loubelo E. 2012. Impact des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL) sur l’économie des ménages et la sécurité alimentaire : cas de la République du Congo. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Rennes 2, France, 260 pp.

Mbolo M, Walter S, Lejeune J. 2002. La collecte et l’analyse des données statistiques sur les Okafor JC, 1980. Edible indigeneous woody plants in the rural economy of the Nigerian forest zone. For. Ecol. Man 3, 45-65.

Ndouano A, Ada-Ntoutoume E. 2002. Utilisation des produits forestiers non-ligneux dans le cadre de la gestion forestière durable au Gabon.

Ngoya-Kessy AM. 2011. Commerce responsable des produits forestiers : Rôle des Etats dans le processus de certification des concessions forestières dans le bassin du Congo: Cas du Congo Brazzaville. Communication lors du séminaire international sur la gestion des forêts comme outil de coopération et de développement rural en Afrique Centrale.

Nguenang GM, Fongnzossie FE, Nkongmeneck BA. 2010. Importance des forêts secondaires pour la collecte des plantes utiles chez les Badjoué de l’Est Cameroun. Tropicultura 28(4), 238-245.

Nyare EN, Bouanga E, Ntoutoume C. 2012. Stratégie nationale et plan d’actions pour le développement du secteur des produits forestiers non ligneux en République Gabonaise. Projet GCP/ RAF/441/GER.

Priso RJ, Nnanga JF, Etame J, Din-Ndongo, Amougou-Akoa. 2011. Les produits forestiers non ligneux d’origine végétale : valeur et importance dans quelques marchés de la région du Littoral – Cameroun. J. of Appl. Biosci. 40, 2715-2726.

Schackleton S, Shanley P, Ndoye O. 2007. Invisible but viable : recognising local markets for Non-Timber Forest Products. Intern. of Forestry Review 9(3), 697-712.

Shankar U, Lama SD, Bawa KS. 2001. Ecology and economics of domestication of non-timber forest products: an illustration of Broomgram in Darjeeling Himalaya. Journal of Tropical Forest Science               13(1), 171-191.

Sunderland TCH, Besong S, Ayeni JSO. 2003. Distribution, utilization and sustainability of Non-Timber Forest products from Takamanda Forest reserve, Cameroon. In: Comiskey. J. A., Sunderland, T. C. H., Sunderland, G. J. L. (eds) 2003. Taka Manda: The biodiversity of an African Rainforest, SI/MAB Series c 8, 155-172.

Tchatat M, Ndoye O. 2006. Étude des produits forestiers non ligneux d’Afrique centrale : réalités et perspectives. Bois et Forêts des tropiques 288(2), 27-39.

Tchiegang C, Mbougueng PD. 2005. Composition chimique des épices utilisées dans la préparation du Nah-poh et du Nkui de l’Ouest Cameroun. Tropicultura 23(4), 193-200.

Thiombiano DNE, Lamien N, Dibong SD, Boussim IJ. 2010. Etat des peuplements des espèces ligneuses de soudure des communes rurales de Pobé-Mengao et de Nobéré (Burkina Faso). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 9(1), 1104-1116.

Vermeulen C, Schippers C, Larrubia CJ, Ntoune M, Bracke C, Doucet JL. 2009. Enjeux méthodologiques autour des produits forestiers non ligneux dans le cadre de la certification en Afrique Centrale. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 300(2), 69-78. DOI: 10.19182/bft2009.300.a20416

Walter S. 2001. Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa: a regional and national overview. EC-FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/y1515b/y1515b.pdf

Read More