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Abstract
The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract levels on the productivity of maize. Two field experiments were conducted at private farm at Algraydh Village, Bialla district, Kafrelshiekh Governorate, Egypt during 2017 and 2018 seasons. The treatments were allocated in a strip-plot design with four replications.
The vertical-plots were devoted to nitrogen fertilizer levels (60, 80, 100 and 120kgN fed-1). While, the horizontal-plots were assigned to spraying with blue green algae levels (without as control, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0g L-1). Increasing fertilizer levels up to 120kg N fed-1 significantly exceeded other levels of nitrogen fertilizer and produced the highest averages of growth characters, yield and grain quality, followed by using 100kg N fed-1 and there is no significant differences between them in most studied growth characters and yields in both seasons. Foliar spraying with 6.0g L-1 significantly surpassed other treatments and recorded the maximum averages of growth, yield and its components and grains quality of maize, followed by spraying plants with 4.5g L-1 and without significant differences between them in all studied characters in both seasons. Generally, mineral fertilizing maize with 100kgN fed‑1 (saved 20kgN fed‑1) beside spraying with algae extract at 4.5g L-1 were recommended for enhancing productivity and seed quality of maize moreover, reducing the pollution resulted from high levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer under the environmental conditions of Kafrelshiekh Governorate Egypt.
Introduction
Maize (Zea mays L) is consider one of the major cereal worldwide crops, it is use mainly as human consumption, livestock feed, for industrial purposes as a source of oil, starch extraction and production as well as ethanol production. Its grains contain about 10% protein, 4.8% oil, 8.5% fiber, 66.7% starch, and 7% ash (Khan et al., 2008 and Pavão and Filho, 2011). The allocated area harvested in Egypt reached about 1.08 million hectare with total production 8.00 million tons. But, in the world the total harvested area reached about 187.95 million hectare, with total production 1.06 milliard tons according to (FAO, 2018). Increasing maize production became one of the most important goals of the world to face human and animal demands. Undoubtedly, mineral nitrogen composites i.e. NH4+ and NO3‒ range about 5% of the total nitrogen in soil, although they are consider the useful form of the nutrient absorbed by plants, also mineral nitrogen fertilizer is applied in large quantities to maintain the nutritional condition of different cereal crops life systems (Brady and Weil, 2008).
Mineral nitrogen fertilizer is an important factor of aggro technical practices and essential for increasing growth, production and quality of plants. Nitrogen availability plays a vital role during plant growth stages, due to it is a major component of many composites necessary for plant growth processes such as the component of protoplasm, chlorophyll formation, increase the activity of meristematic, cell division, increases cell size, increase internodes length, proteins content, nucleic acids content such as DNA and component of ATP as energy-transfer composites (Haque et al., 2001 and Iqbal et al., 2006), organize the availability utilization of phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients in plants (Brady and Weil, 2002), increase the accumulation of dry matter due to increase in leaf area and thus absorb more solar radiation (Purcell et al., 2002 and Shanahan et al., 2008). Many researchers noticed that apply of nitrogen at an adequate quantity is always vital for produce well growth and development of maize plants. In this connection, nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced plant height, leaf area, stalk diameter, ear height, weight of ear plant-1, 100-grain weight, grains and straw yield ha-1 as well as grain quality (Almodares et al., 2009 and Gruzska et al., 2016). Raising nitrogen fertilizer levels from 90 to 126kgN fed-1 produced the highest grains and straw yields per unit area (Karasu, 2012; Seadh et al., 2013; Gruzska et al., 2016; Abebe and Feyisa, 2017 and Abera et al., 2017). While, application of 150 or 180kg N ha-1 produced the maximum averages of plant height, leaf area, number of seed row-1, grains and straw yield ha-1, protein, oil and carbohydrate contents in maize plants (Cheema et al., 2010; Aghdam et al., 2014; Ali and Anjum, 2017 and Zeleke et al., 2018).
Nowadays, a foliar fertilizers becomes directly available in the plant because it makes them perfect for correcting nutrient deficiencies and they are 100% water soluble. In addition, the prices of agrochemicals became more expensive especially mineral nitrogen, these make farmers with low income from the production of field crops. Foliar spraying is considering one of important technique of fertilization, which may help plants partially compensate the deficient of nutrients uptake by the roots (Ling and Moshe, 2002). So, the use of blue green algae extracts as a source of nitrogen save and moderately the requires of mineral nitrogen in most crop production.
In recent times, there is a great consideration of creating novel relationship between agronomically vital plants, such as wheat, maize and N2 -fixing microorganisms including cyanobacteria (Chen, 2006). Blue green algae extract can use for sustainable agriculture, which, it contains macro and micro elements, natural enzymes, auxins and cytokinins in numerous amounts, also plays vital role in stimulate root establishment, root elongation and enhance vegetative growth of plants (Shaaban, 2001; Zhang and Ervin, 2004 and Raupp and Oltmanns, 2006). Foliar application of algae extract has been noticed to increase photosynthetic pigments, crop growth, total biomass, yield and yield components as well as quality, increase nutrient uptake, resistance to stress conditions and growth promoting hormones (Ghalab and Salem, 2001). It can use as bio-fertilizers which enhanced the vegetative growth of main cereal crops i.e. wheat, rice and maize (Aziz and Hashem, 2004 and Arora et al., 2010).
In addition, it increases the functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus through raised chlorophyll content, total carbohydrates content, starch, amino acids and protein (Yassen et al., 2007). Algae extracts also, are important source of potassium and contains considerable amounts of P, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and Mn (Abd El-Mawgoud et al., 2010 and Marrez et al., 2014). Moreover, spraying algae extracts at the rate of 3.5 or 4.5g L-1 caused an increase in productivity and quality of sugar beet plants (Enan et al., 2016).
Thus, the present study has been undertaken to assess the role of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, blue green algae extract levels and its combination on the productivity of maize plants under the ecological studies of the experiments site.
Thus, the present study has been undertaken to assess the role of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, blue green algae extract levels and its combination on the productivity of maize plants under the ecological studies of the experiments site.
Articles Source: Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 10-20.
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.
Response of maize productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract by International Network for Natural Sciences on Scribd
Citation Sample
Rasha SA El-Moursy, Abido WAE, Badawi MA.
Response of maize productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract. Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 10-20.
https://innspub.net/ijaar/response-maize-productivity-nitrogen-fertilizer-spraying-blue-green-algae-extract/
Reference
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Abera T, Debele T, Wegary D. 2017. Effects of varieties and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize on farmers field in mid altitude areas of Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy, ID 4253917, p 13.
Aghdam SM, Yeganehpoor F, Kahrariyan B, Shabani E. 2014. Effect of different urea levels on yield and yield components of corn 704. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2(2), 300-305.
Ali N, Anjum MM. 2017. Effect of different nitrogen rates on growth, yield and quality of maize. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research 6(1), 107-112.
Almodares A, Jafarinia M, Hadi MR. 2009. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chemical compositions in corn and sweet sorghum. American- Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 6, 441-446.
AOAC. 2007. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, Method 2007.04.
Arora M, Kaushik A, Rani N, Kaushik CP. 2010. Effect of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides on salt stress alleviation and seed germination. Journal of Environmental Biology 3(5), 701-704.
Aziz MA, Hashem MA. 2004. Role of cyanobacteria on yield of rice in saline soil. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, 309-311.
Brady NC, Weil R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 13th Ed., Prentice Hall, NJ., p 960.
Brady NC, Weil RR. 2008. Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Acidity. In: Brady N.C., Weil R.R., ed. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Pearson Education Inc.; Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA., pp 311-358.
Cheema MA, Farhad W, Saleem MF, Khan HZ, Munir A, Wahid MA, Rasul F, Hammad HM. 2010. Nitrogen management strategies for sustainable maize production. Crop and Environment 1(1), 49-52.
Chen J. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use. 16-20th of October, Thailand.
Enan SAAM, El-Saady AM, El-Sayed AB. 2016. Impact of foliar feeding with alga extract and boron on yield and quality of sugar beet grown in sandy soil. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 38 (2), 319-336.
FAO. 2018. Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO Yearbook Production. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome 54, p 115.
Gardner FP, Pearce RB, Michell RL. 1985. Physiology of crop plant. Iowa State Univ. Press Ames. Iowa. USA pp 58-75.
Ghalab AM, Salem SA. 2001. Effect of bio-fertilizer treatments on growth, chemical composition and productivity of wheat grown under different levels of NPK fertilization. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo 46, 485-509.
Gomez KN, Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2nd Ed p 68.
Gruzska M, Ohse S, Pereira AB, Dias CTDS. 2016. Corn yield as a function of amounts of nitrogen applied in bands. African Journal of Agricultural Research 11(20), 1805-1814.
Haque MM, Hamid A, Bhuiyan NI. 2001. Nutrient uptake and productivity as affected by nitrogen and potassium application levels in maize/sweet potato intercropping system. Korean Journal of Crop Science 46, 1-5.
Iqbal A, Ayoub M, Zaman H, Ahmed R. 2006. Impact of nutrient management and legumes association on agro qualitative traits of maize forage. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38(4), 1079-1084.
Karasu A. 2012. Effect of nitrogen levels on grain yield and some attributes of some hybrid maize cultivars (Zea mays indentata Sturt.) grown for silage as second crop. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 18(1), 42-48.
Khan HZ, Malik MA, Saleem MF. 2008. Effect of rate and source of organic material on the production potential of spring maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 45(1), 40-43.
Ling F, Moshe S. 2002. Response of maize to foliar vs. soil application of nitrogen- phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25(11), 2333-2342.
Marrez DA, Naguib M, Sultan YY, Daw ZY, Higazy AM. 2014. Evaluation of chemical composition for Spirulina platensis in different culture media. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(4), 1161-1171.
Pavão AR, Filho JBSF. 2011. Impactos econômicos da introdução do milho Bt11 no Brasil: uma abordagem de equilÃbrio geral inter-regional. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 49(1), 81-108.
Purcell LC, Rosalind AB, Reaper DJ, Vories ED. 2002. Radition use efficiency and biomass production in soybean at different plant population densities. Crop Science 42(1), 172-177.
Raupp J, Oltmanns M. 2006. Farmyard manure, plant based organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizer – which sustains soil organic matter best? In: Aspects of Applied Biology, Assoc. Applied Biologists 79, pp 273-276.
Sadasivam S, Manickam A. 1996. Biochemical Methods, 2nd Ed., New Age International. India.
Seadh SE, Attia AN, El-Moursy SA, Said EM, El-Azab AAS. 2013. Productivity of maize as affected by organic, foliar and nitrogen fertilization levels. World Research Journal of Agronomy 2(1), 30-36.
Shaaban MM. 2001. Green microalgae water extract as foliar feeding to wheat plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6), 628-632.
Shanahan JF, Kitchen NR, Raun WR, Schepers JS. 2008. Responsive in-season nitrogen management for cereals. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 61, 51-62.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1980. Statistical Methods. 7Th Ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA., PP 507.
Vonshak A, Richmond A. 1988. Mass Production of the Blue-green Alga Spirulina: An Overview. Biomass 15, 233-247.
Yassen AA, Badran NM, Zaghloul SM. 2007. Role of some organic residues as tools for reducing metals hazard in plant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(2), 204-209.
Zeleke A, Alemayehu G, Yihenew GS. 2018. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on yield and yield related traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in Northwestern, Ethiopia. Advances in Crop Science and Technology 6(2), 1-5.
Zhang X, Ervin EH. 2004. Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. Crop Science 44(5), 1737-1745.
Abebe Z, Feyisa H. 2017. Effects of nitrogen rates and time of application on yield of maize: rainfall variability influenced time of N application. International Journal of Agronomy, ID 1545280, p 10.
Abera T, Debele T, Wegary D. 2017. Effects of varieties and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize on farmers field in mid altitude areas of Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy, ID 4253917, p 13.
Aghdam SM, Yeganehpoor F, Kahrariyan B, Shabani E. 2014. Effect of different urea levels on yield and yield components of corn 704. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2(2), 300-305.
Ali N, Anjum MM. 2017. Effect of different nitrogen rates on growth, yield and quality of maize. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research 6(1), 107-112.
Almodares A, Jafarinia M, Hadi MR. 2009. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chemical compositions in corn and sweet sorghum. American- Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 6, 441-446.
AOAC. 2007. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, Method 2007.04.
Arora M, Kaushik A, Rani N, Kaushik CP. 2010. Effect of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides on salt stress alleviation and seed germination. Journal of Environmental Biology 3(5), 701-704.
Aziz MA, Hashem MA. 2004. Role of cyanobacteria on yield of rice in saline soil. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, 309-311.
Brady NC, Weil R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 13th Ed., Prentice Hall, NJ., p 960.
Brady NC, Weil RR. 2008. Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Acidity. In: Brady N.C., Weil R.R., ed. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Pearson Education Inc.; Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA., pp 311-358.
Cheema MA, Farhad W, Saleem MF, Khan HZ, Munir A, Wahid MA, Rasul F, Hammad HM. 2010. Nitrogen management strategies for sustainable maize production. Crop and Environment 1(1), 49-52.
Chen J. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use. 16-20th of October, Thailand.
Enan SAAM, El-Saady AM, El-Sayed AB. 2016. Impact of foliar feeding with alga extract and boron on yield and quality of sugar beet grown in sandy soil. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 38 (2), 319-336.
FAO. 2018. Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO Yearbook Production. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome 54, p 115.
Gardner FP, Pearce RB, Michell RL. 1985. Physiology of crop plant. Iowa State Univ. Press Ames. Iowa. USA pp 58-75.
Ghalab AM, Salem SA. 2001. Effect of bio-fertilizer treatments on growth, chemical composition and productivity of wheat grown under different levels of NPK fertilization. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo 46, 485-509.
Gomez KN, Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2nd Ed p 68.
Gruzska M, Ohse S, Pereira AB, Dias CTDS. 2016. Corn yield as a function of amounts of nitrogen applied in bands. African Journal of Agricultural Research 11(20), 1805-1814.
Haque MM, Hamid A, Bhuiyan NI. 2001. Nutrient uptake and productivity as affected by nitrogen and potassium application levels in maize/sweet potato intercropping system. Korean Journal of Crop Science 46, 1-5.
Iqbal A, Ayoub M, Zaman H, Ahmed R. 2006. Impact of nutrient management and legumes association on agro qualitative traits of maize forage. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38(4), 1079-1084.
Karasu A. 2012. Effect of nitrogen levels on grain yield and some attributes of some hybrid maize cultivars (Zea mays indentata Sturt.) grown for silage as second crop. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 18(1), 42-48.
Khan HZ, Malik MA, Saleem MF. 2008. Effect of rate and source of organic material on the production potential of spring maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 45(1), 40-43.
Ling F, Moshe S. 2002. Response of maize to foliar vs. soil application of nitrogen- phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25(11), 2333-2342.
Marrez DA, Naguib M, Sultan YY, Daw ZY, Higazy AM. 2014. Evaluation of chemical composition for Spirulina platensis in different culture media. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(4), 1161-1171.
Pavão AR, Filho JBSF. 2011. Impactos econômicos da introdução do milho Bt11 no Brasil: uma abordagem de equilÃbrio geral inter-regional. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 49(1), 81-108.
Purcell LC, Rosalind AB, Reaper DJ, Vories ED. 2002. Radition use efficiency and biomass production in soybean at different plant population densities. Crop Science 42(1), 172-177.
Raupp J, Oltmanns M. 2006. Farmyard manure, plant based organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizer – which sustains soil organic matter best? In: Aspects of Applied Biology, Assoc. Applied Biologists 79, pp 273-276.
Sadasivam S, Manickam A. 1996. Biochemical Methods, 2nd Ed., New Age International. India.
Seadh SE, Attia AN, El-Moursy SA, Said EM, El-Azab AAS. 2013. Productivity of maize as affected by organic, foliar and nitrogen fertilization levels. World Research Journal of Agronomy 2(1), 30-36.
Shaaban MM. 2001. Green microalgae water extract as foliar feeding to wheat plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6), 628-632.
Shanahan JF, Kitchen NR, Raun WR, Schepers JS. 2008. Responsive in-season nitrogen management for cereals. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 61, 51-62.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1980. Statistical Methods. 7Th Ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA., PP 507.
Vonshak A, Richmond A. 1988. Mass Production of the Blue-green Alga Spirulina: An Overview. Biomass 15, 233-247.
Yassen AA, Badran NM, Zaghloul SM. 2007. Role of some organic residues as tools for reducing metals hazard in plant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(2), 204-209.
Zeleke A, Alemayehu G, Yihenew GS. 2018. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on yield and yield related traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in Northwestern, Ethiopia. Advances in Crop Science and Technology 6(2), 1-5.
Zhang X, Ervin EH. 2004. Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. Crop Science 44(5), 1737-1745.
