An Environmental Sciences journals called Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) published an articles entitled "Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus." JBES published it at May issue 2021, under the volume 18. This research work developed by Kate Jocel D. Barroga Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, Diana C. Castillo, from Faculty, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, and Evaristo A. Abella from Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Interactive Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Abstract
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using
methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated
using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea
urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of
sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler
Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the
Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema,
Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the
highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24
hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively
while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ±
2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition
prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of
incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded
the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species
of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema
(37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on
the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological
potential.
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Results and discussion
Sample Identification Digital photographs of live specimen were sent to the
National Museum of the Philippines for identification. Using diagnostic keys,
specimens were identified as follows:
Fig. 1. Echinothrix diadema.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea Order: Diadematoida
Family: Diadematidae Genus: Echinothrix Species: diadema.
The diadema urchin is a species of tropical sea urchin, member of the
Diadematidae family. E. diadema (Fig. 1) is a long - spine urchin. With its
spines, the typical diameter is 10–20cm (3.9–7.9 in). It is generally black
or blue-black in colour, and always dark. The spines are closed at the tip;
the anal sac is small and dark. E. diadema occurs in shallow coral and coral
rubble areas at depths of 1 to 40 m. E. diadema is herbivore displaying
nocturnal feeding behavior. It is known to graze on organic material and
adults may also feed on live hard corals (Schoppe, 2001).
Fig. 2. Echinometra mathaei. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea Order: Camarodonta Family: Echinometridae Genus:
Echinometra Species: mathaei
E. mathaei (Fig. 2) are roughly spherical in shape and exhibit pentamourous
symmetry. The urchin consists of the main body known as the test and spines
on the ventral surface of the urchin are smaller in size and are parted in
the center where the feeding appendage occurs, and spines are similarly
smaller on the aboral surface where they give way to the anus. E. mathaei is
a dark species digging itself into the basaltic and calcareous rock where it
lives (Horton, 2012).
Fig. 3. Echinometra oblonga.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea Order:
Camarodonta Family: Echinometridae Genus: Echinometra Species: oblonga
Rock crevices are the natural habitat of E. oblonga (Fig. 3). The body of
regular sea urchins possesses a pseudospherical radially symmetric body with
hard prominent spines and prefers hard substratum. Body shape of irregular
sea urchin marked bilateral symmetry. Soft spines are present that
facilitate life style as sand and mud burrowing animals (Yasmin,
2015).
Antibacterial Property of Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and
Echinometra oblonga This study elucidates the antibacterial activity of
methanolic extract of different species of sea urchin
namely E.diadema, E.mathaei and E.oblonga against E. coli and S. aureus.
Diameters of zone of were used as a measure of the degree of the
antibacterial activity on each strain and recorded after 12, 24, 36 and 48
hours using a digital vernier caliper.
The result of antibacterial activity of E. diadema, E. obolonga, E.
mathaei, streptomycin sulfate and methanol against E. coli was shown in
Table 1. Results showed that after 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of incubation.
The highest mean value was observed in streptomycin sulfate which serves
as the positive control. It was also observed that E. diadema is the only
extract of sea urchin inhibited the growth of E. coli with the highest
diameter of 11.03 ± 1.75mm at 24 hours of incubation. Interested reader
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