Research Paper Published by Biodiversity Journal about Extraction, characterization, and workability of natural biological dye | JBES

 

Shella B Cacatian, from The Cagayan State University, Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Valley, Philippines, developed a research work entitled "Extraction, characterization, and workability of natural biological dye from local berries: A laboratory protocol for rural schools." This research paper published by an open access biodiversity research journal called Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences - JBES, in their May issue 2021 under the volume 18. Get some knowledge about Extraction of Natural Biological Dye.

Abstract

The application of natural biological dyes finds its use as an alternative to synthetic stains in temporary and permanent mounts. Extract of natural dye from peels of Lubeg (Syzygium lineatum), Bignay (Antidesma bunius), and Duhat (Syzygium cumini) fruits were made to test their staining potential on plant and animal tissues. The study utilized the Completely Randomized Design to compare the staining property of the peels. It used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Differences (LSD) to ascertain the differences between the treatments. The natural biological dyes, in comparison with the synthetic dye, stained the cross-section of the Wiregrass and Narra stems, longitudinal section of an Autumn crocus, and hepatic tissues of a frog with remarkably deeper color. They are more effective in highlighting structures of a cross-section of a wiregrass stem and longitudinal section of an Autumn crocus, and they have a higher bulk density, which is an essential requirement of container volume. However, the synthetic dye shows higher absorbing capacity and solubility than the natural biological dyes. The success of producing a low-cost biological stain is achieved using Lubeg, Bignay, and Duhat fruits. The natural biological dyes used in this study could serve as a useful alternative to synthetic dyes. 

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Extraction, characterization, and workability of natural biological dye from local berries: A laboratory protocol for rural schools

 

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Results and discussion

Comparison of the Mean Score on the Acceptability of Color Intensity of the Synthetic and Natural Biological Dyes Cross-Section of a Monocot (Wiregrass, Aristida stricta) Stem The statistical result of the differences in the acceptability of the color intensity of the four treatments shows that they vary significantly. Bignay dye, in comparison with the other natural dyes, obtained the highest mean of 8.88, which means that Bignay dye is versatile because it penetrates the cell structures of a Wiregrass stem.

The synthetic dye, having the lowest mean among the treatments, produced a shade that is least acceptable to the raters. The natural biological dyes made the internal structures of Wiregrass stem more defined and rendered its cellular constituents with remarkably deep color suggesting its extreme affinity to the cell parts. Colors derived from natural sources tend to be bolder. The finding is in agreement with the statement of Cowley (2019) that synthetic dyes often look stark and garish. Some natural dyes and pigments may compete with synthetic dyes for quality and stability (Krisova, 2015). Cross-Section of a Dicot (Narra, Pterocarpus indicus) Stem Multiple comparisons among the treatment means reveal that there is a significant difference in the rates given. Duhat dye was assessed as “extremely deep, while Bignay and Lubeg dyes were both assessed as “very deep.” The synthetic dye, with the lowest mean but has the same descriptive value as the Bignay and Lubeg dyes, differs significantly from the other treatments. The color tint of Duhat surpassed the other stains in clear tracing the cross-section of a Narra stem. It can be deduced that Duhat dye is acidic because it stained the cytoplasm of the stem tissues well with deep blue-violet shade. This deduction on the strong attraction of Duhat for the cytoplasm is corroborated by the phytochemical analysis made by (Aqil et al., 2012; Ayyanar & Subash-Babu, 2012) on Syzygium cumini fruit. Their findings reveal that the fruit contains different phytochemicals, including ellagic acid and anthocyanins, which are stable in acidic conditions. Longitudinal section of a root (Autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale) Results reveal that Bignay dye has the highest affinity to the longitudinal section of the root of Autumn crocus. It surpassed the synthetic dye and the other natural biological dyes in elucidating the cellular components of the root. The result agrees with the finding of (Barcelo 2014) that the cyanidin-based anthocyanins in Bignay (Antidesma bunius), which give red pigments, are chromophoric and exhibit stability in acidic solutions. The Bigay powder, which is dissolved in ethyl alcohol, produces a weak acid solution. The use of weak organic acids may minimize the degradation of the anthocyanin pigments (Amelia et al., 2013). Muscle Tissue of a Frog The utilization of synthetic and Bignay dye had no significant difference as regards their staining qualities. Both have comparable color intensity. The finding means that the color tint of Bignay dye is as good as the synthetic dye in the clear tracing the muscle tissues of a frog. In the study of Ajileye et al. (2015) on Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extract as a histological dye for muscle fibers and cytoplasm, they established that the staining reaction was observed to be similar to the synthetic dye, except for its greenish- yellow color. Furthermore, Bignay dye had a significantly higher affinity to the frog’s muscle tissues than Lubeg and Duhat, which produced the same rating. Consideration may be due to the interaction or bonding between the Bignay dye molecule and the muscle tissues. Hence, the staining color of the muscle tissues is affected by the tissue medium. Hepatic Tissue of a Frog Synthetic and various natural dyes stain histological structures of the liver. The evaluation shows that Bignay dye stained the hepatic tissues with remarkably deep color as assessed by the raters, followed by Duhat dye but with the same descriptive value of “extremely deep.” The synthetic and the Lubeg dyes received lower ratings. Yet, they are equally assessed as “very deep” In this study, the natural dyes were extracted by a weak-acid (neutral) solvent, and the pH of the medium did not affect the stain of Bignay and Duhat dyes making them very efficient in histological staining. The result is consistent with the study of Suabjakyong et al. (2011), which favored the optimal staining condition of the nucleus and cytoplasm of rat hepatic cells of the dried black plum dye extract over the fresh black plum extract and the synthetic dye. The lower rating given to Lubeg dye coincides with the result of the phytochemical screening conducted by Manicad (2016) on the Lubeg species, mainly in the leaves and fruit extracts. Her findings showed that the fruits contain flavonoids and tannins. But tannins are only present in a small amount. Tannin, also called tannic acid, can cause a light yellow to light brown cast in water (Ashok & Upadhyaya, 2012). Thus, Lubeg dye creates weaker tint than the other dyes.