Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products | IJAAR 2022

Source: Wikipedia

Author Name

Mauricio S. Adlaon and Alicia Z. Maghuyop

Institute: Surigao State College of Technology, Philippines

Journal Name

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.

Introduction

The value of conducting sensory evaluation underscores the level of acceptability of a product developed prior to its extension or commercialization. Hence, Singh-Achbarali and Maharaj (2014) considered it as an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product and eventually its market success. It must be noted that characterization as to appearance, aroma, flavor, texture, and after-sensation of products cannot be accomplished or predicted by chemical or instrumental laboratory measurements. 

According to Sidel & Stone (2004), sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret those responses to products as perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. Generally, grading methods for food and beverage products traditionally involved one or two trained “experts” assigning quality scores on the appearance, and flavor of the products based on the presence or absence of predetermined defects. Yang (2015) posited that sensory analysis help in grasping the characters of various food products. Thus, by using the traditional methods of evaluation, some products with different sensory characteristics, such as those identified by a product profile, but with no product defect will obtain the same quality score. 

This is where sensory evaluation becomes an invaluable tool. In support, Singh-Achbarali and Maharaj (2014) contended that without sensory evaluation, development efforts reflect the personal feelings, views and choices of the product developer, product development team, marketer/s and/or top management and results that may be used to base product development trade-offs and decisions, product development successes will be few and development timelines very long. Watts (1989), also affirmed that there is no one instrument that can replicate or replace the human response making sensory evaluation component of any food study essential. Meiselman (1993), on the other hand, stressed the need for integration of sensory and hedonic dimensions rather than separation of these dimensions. 

The current study is inclined to product development derived from Talisay nuts out from Talisay seeds as the trees grow abundantly in some areas in Surigao del Norte particularly in Malimono and nearby areas. Since only a few researchers have studied the possibility of developing a new product from the Talisay seeds and nut extracts, the researchers have unlocked its possibility through this study. As the by- products already underwent chemical analysis and microbiological procedures, the researchers would then determine the level of acceptability of the products through sensory evaluation or analysis reducing the subjectivity aspects in rating prior to its extension and or commercialization venture. Check out more by following the link Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-products

Reference

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Call For Paper 2023 | JBES, An Environmental Sciences Journal

The Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science (JBES) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers, reviews, and short communications on all aspects of biodiversity and environmental science.

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print)

ISSN: 2222-3045 (Online)

Issue: 12 in a year

Publication Speed: Fast and Continuous

Publishing Model: Open access options

Final submission: Online submission   

We are inviting researchers, scholars, and practitioners to submit original research articles, reviews, and short communications for possible publication in JBES. We welcome submissions on a wide range of topics, including but not limited to:

• Environmental Science and Biology
• Biodiversity conservation and management
• Climate change and environmental impacts
• Ecosystem services and functions
• Environmental pollution and remediation
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
• Wildlife management and conservation
• Environmental policy and governance

We particularly encourage submissions that present novel and significant findings or contribute to the advancement of knowledge in these areas.

Submission guidelines:

• All submissions must be original and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
• Manuscripts should be submitted online via our website.
• Manuscripts should be formatted according to our guidelines.
• Authors should provide a cover letter and abstract with their submission.

Review process:

• All submissions will be peer-reviewed by at least two independent reviewers.
• We aim to provide timely feedback to authors and a quick turnaround time.

Publication:

• All accepted articles will be published online in open-access format.
• Authors retain the copyright of their work.

We believe that JBES is an important platform for disseminating research on biodiversity and environmental science and we welcome submissions from researchers worldwide. We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Deadline for submissions: Open year-round.

For more information on submission guidelines and the journal, please visit our website at Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences or  Article submission to JBES

You can contact us at submission@innspub.net or on WhatsApp at +8801716992866

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Research Paper on Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds | JBES 2022

Author Name

Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, and Hossein Miraji

Journal Name

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

Publisher Name

International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub

Abstract

Researchers repeatedly discovered primary pharmaceutical contaminants, their metabolites, and transformation products in aquatic ecosystems. Body metabolism may not convert consumed pharmaceuticals to their metabolic elements before excretion. In this case, clinical and industrial wastes ensure their presence in the environment. Nevertheless, conventional wastewater treatment methods are ineffective for removing pharmaceutical wastes. Once in the ecosystem, they alter the physiological response of nontarget exposed aquatic and even terrestrial organisms due to induced toxicity. In the course of this study at Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (SWSP), the transport of the quantified 0.104 ppm of metronidazole under advection mode in a laminar flow to a longitudinal predictive distance of 230 m. Beyond this distance, no significant concentration changes. The quantified metronidazole had a risk quotient of less than 1, implying no toxicity risks. Despite being acceptable, their hydrophobic nature and physiological activeness present a long-term ecological risk such as developing antibiotic resistance genes, endocrine disruption, and immunity suppression. A combination of engineered constructed wetlands and adsorption using biodegradable adsorbents are among natural remedial practices for eliminating pharmaceuticals with promising efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and being environmentally friendly.

Get Cited

Angelina Makaye, Asha S Ripanda, Hossein Miraji (2022), Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds; JBES, V20, N2, February, P30-41
https://innspub.net/transport-behavior-and-risk-evaluation-of-pharmaceutical-contaminants-from-swaswa-wastewater-stabilization-ponds/

Introduction

Currently, social and economic development impose changes in lifestyle by adopting the use of industrially processed products such as canned foods and synthetic drugs for health care. Seeking modern shelters lead to increased urbanization that requires improved sanitation infrastructure. In turn, human activities such as domestic, industrial, agricultural, wastewater treatment plants, reuse of sludge, hospital and municipal release contaminated wastewaters (Boberg et al., 2019; Finkel and Gray, 2021). In most developing countries, wastewater treatment uses waste stabilization ponds like Swaswa in Dodoma. The design of this method lacks components for removing emerging contaminants (ECs), therefore releasing effluents carrying ECs such as pharmaceuticals to the environment (Marti, Variatza and Balcazar, 2014; Badi, Shetwan and Hemeda, 2019). Drugs help treat humans, animals, and plants, prolong life, improve function, relieve symptoms, and alleviate pain (Ratola et al., 2012; Fragkaki et al., 2013; Han et al., 2017; Choudhury and Veeraraghavan, 2018). Pharmaceutically active compounds, metabolites, and transformation products in quantifiable levels of all drug categories reported exist in the environment worldwide, including Tanzania (Rastogi, Leder and Kümmerer, 2015; Miraji et al., 2016; Ripanda et al., 2022). Fig. 1 presents SWSP and the surrounding area where irrigated agriculture depends on wastewater.

It has been reported that about 90% of the antibiotics are excreted via urine and faeces when administered to humans and animals (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al., 2020). Thus, a significant amount of antibiotics may pass through target organisms and then be deposited into aquatic systems (Hasan, 2018; Felis et al., 2020), hence the possibility of causing harm to the ecosystem. Pharmaceuticals are among the non-regulated ECs (Jeong et al., 2020; Finkel and Gray, 2021). These ECs lack standard guidelines for their environmental monitoring and thus have drawn much scientific attention due to their health and presumed ecological risks (Li, Yan Zhang, Luyan Liu, Xianshu Ding, 2019; Munschy et al., 2020). Reports of endocrine disruption and antimicrobial resistance are concerns posed by Ecs such as pharmaceuticals (Teta et al., 2018). From an environmental aspect, antibiotics' most prominent effect is the toxic effect on aquatic organisms that may upset the ecological balance (Nantaba et al., 2020), leading to conservation failure.

Once a drug is in the body, Fig. 2 details the metabolic process it undergoes, basically being metabolized in the liver and its transportation to specific organs or excretion (Madikizela, Tavengwa, and Chimuka, 2017). Apart from body excretions, the disposal of unused drugs is an essential root through which pharmaceuticals get into the environment, to which contaminated points become a point source (Richards et al., 2016, 2017). 

Several physical and chemical processes simultaneously occur on a chemical, mainly a pharmaceutical product, once exposed to the environment (Armstrong et al., 2018; Prasse et al., 2018). Natural processes affect the physical distribution, containment, source-sink, degradation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ECs (Rigg, Monnat, and Chavez, 2018; Zhou et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Ouda et al., 2021). As a result, they might affect the toxicity of a pharmaceutical product in an ecosystem. Induced factors affecting the transport of contaminants in flowing water include water withdrawing or pumping and secondary contaminant production (Awad et al., 2018; Soares et al., 2019). Inherently, analysts' decisions on the selection of computational values and limits such as Manning's constant (Oregon, 2014) and dimensionality of transport (Timis, 2010; Yadav) et al., 2010; Vinet and Zhedanov, 2011) affect the mathematical output and, therefore, predictability of contaminant transport.

Risk evaluation of pharmaceutical products is conducted with safety concerns to ensure that the benefits of these products to human, other organisms, and the environment outweighs their risks. This helps in better understanding, generating knowledge, and defining the regulatory and monitoring frameworks for the safety of the entire ecosystem (Cordaillat-Simmons, Rouanet and Pot, 2020). The use of pharmaceuticals for human safety is inevitable, thus creating a continuous deposition, transportation, and later human, animal, aquatic organisms and the entire ecosystem exposure. The reports on the transport behavior and risks associated with pharmaceutical contaminants in Swaswa wastewater stabilization ponds are lacking. Therefore, the current study focuses on understanding the transport behaviour and risks upon exposure to pharmaceutical wastes from the Swaswa wastewater stabilization pond. 

Read the full article Transport behavior and risk evaluation of pharmaceutical contaminants from Swaswa Wastewater Stabilization Ponds

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