Blood Meal Sources of Aedes aegypti in Benin | IJB 2023

Tchibozo Carine,  Yadouleton Anges,  Dramane Gado, Hounkanrin Gildas, Adewumi Praise, and Joest Hanna, from the institute of Benin. Wrote a research article about, Blood Meal Sources of Aedes aegypti in Benin entitled, Origin of the blood meal of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in five localities in Benin. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

With the aim of learning about the multiple origins of blood meal sources in Aedes aegypti in Benin, a study was conducted in five localities from the south to the north of the country (Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Calavi, Dassa and kandi) from June 2020 to October 2021 to capture adult populations of A. aegypti. To achieve this objective, BG-Sentinel and Aedes Gravid traps were set daily inside and outside four randomly selected concessions in each of the above-mentioned sites, three times a week for the duration of the study. Populations of blood-feeding A. aegypti mosquitoes were identified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. PCR results were confirmed by sequencing to identify the origin of the blood meal. Out of a total of 3,749 mosquitoes collected, Aedes aegypti (79.22%) and Culex quinquefaciatus (20.08%) were the two main species caught. With a total of 2,970 A. aegypti populations, 2,684 (71.7%) were non-blood-fed, compared with 286 (7.6%) blood-fed. For Culex quinquefasciatus, out of 753 populations caught, 733 (19.5%) were non-gorged versus 20 (0.5%) blood-fed. Research into the origin of the blood meal using the PCR technique showed that out of 1019 mosquitoes analyzed, 987 (96.8%) had taken their blood meal from humans. This result was confirmed by sequencing analysis of PCR-positive pools. The anthropophagous nature of A. aegypti confirmed by the sequencing results during this study remains an important clue in the implementation of arbovirus control strategies, particularly against A. aegypti mosquitoes in Benin. 

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization in 2016, several vector-borne diseases are caused by arthropods and the most important are found in subSaharan Africa. The main mosquito general responsible for these diseases are: Anopheles, Aedes and Culex.

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviruses such as dengue, zika, yellow fever and chikungunya. This highly hematophagous domestic mosquito is found in human dwellings and, is present in jars, abandoned cans, from northern to southern Benin throughout the year with risks of spreading dengue fever (Yadouleton et al., 2018). The recent and rapid spread of this mosquito to new geographical areas, including rural environments, means that it is considered a public health problem (WHO, 2016), Moreover, these blood-requiring mosquitoes most often develop a preference for the most available and stable source of blood (Roiberg and Gordon et al., 2005; O'Meara et al., 2020). The preference of mosquito vectors for a specific host for their blood meal undoubtedly affects the mosquitoes' ability to transmit pathogens.

Over the past decade, several cases of arboviruses, notably dengue, have been reported in sub-Saharan Africa, notably in Gabon (Abe et al., 2020), Côte d'Ivoire (Moi et al., 2010), Senegal (Faye et al., 2014) and Burkina-Faso (Ouédraogo et al., 2019), with over 1,500 cases recorded. The preference of mosquito vectors for a specific host for their blood meal surely affects the mosquitoes' ability to transmit pathogens. Consequently, understanding mosquito blood feeding patterns in different environments can help determine which host species can influence the maintenance and epidemic transmission of viruses. With this in mind, this study was carried out in 5 cities in Benin, in order to determine the origin of the blood meal in Aedes aegypti populations.

Article source : Origin of the blood meal of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in five localities in Benin   

Read More

Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential | IJB 2013

René G. Dègnon, Euloge S. Adjou, Clément Ahouannou, Edwige DahouenonAhoussi, Mohamed M. Soumanou,  and Dominique C.K. Sohounhloué, from the institute of Benin.  wrote a research paper about, Ethmalosa Fish Flour: Quality and Nutritional Potential. Entitled, Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours from Ethmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Post-harvest fish conservation remains a recurring fishing industry problem in Benin. Etmalosa fimbriata is a non-oily fish commonly found on the Benin artisanal fisheries. Thus, this study aims to produce fish flour from Ethmalosa fimbriata and evaluate their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and their potential nutritional qualities. The results indicated that fish flours produced are high in protein content (53.84 ± 0.09%) and minerals such as phosphorus (0.48 ± 0.03 to 1.83 ± 0.01%), calcium (0.26 ± 0.04 to 3.02 ± 0.08%), magnesium (0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.05%) and iron (194.86 ± 0.06 to 246.82 ± 0.05 mg/kg). The results of the assessment of the sanitary quality of fish flour produced showed that the use of these fish whole alter the microbiological quality of flour produced and it would be better to use headless fish in feed formulation especially for children and immunodeficiency people 

 

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions (Tierney et al., 2010). The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applied to a group of related disorders that include marasmus, kwashiorkor, and intermediate states of marasmuskwashiorkor (Tierney et al., 2010). The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people, especially 30 to 50 million children under 5 years of age (Jildeh et al., 2010).

Fish and fish products have an important place in the diet of the people of West Africa (FAO, 2000). They are rich in proteins and the nutritional value of these proteins is comparable to that of the egg, milk and meat (Heen and Kreuzer, 1962).

In Benin, fishing has an important place in the national socio-economic balance as it sustains some 500,000 people and accounts for 3% of GDP (Tossou, 2010). Fishes are processed into various products to increase the bioavailability of its proteins. Among these products, fish flours appear to have a high nutritional value (FAO, 2006). However, the conservation of fish is very difficult due to the lack of adequate conservation system and post-harvest losses are estimated at about 20% (Anihouvi et al., 2005). Indeed, there are many problems related to the conservation of fish, such as microbiological deterioration and fat oxidation.

The most commonly used methods of preservation, are salting, drying, fish fermentation, fish smoking, refrigeration or freezing. Despite these methods, the full-time availability of this important resource of animal protein still persists and according to FAO (2000) the lack of protein in the diet of people is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies and affected many people in tropical countries. Traditionally, fish flours were produced to be used for food fortification, especially in animal protein deficient diets. However, these fish flours were not storable for a long duration due to problems of lipid oxidation, because the fishes used were often fatty fishes. Thus, the present work aims to produce fish flours using Bonga fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata) (figure 1), and evaluate their physicochemical, microbiological and nutritional qualities.

Reference

Alder HL, Roessler EB. 1977. Introduction to probability and statistics (6th edition). Freeman W.H., San Francisco, 1-426 p.

Anihouvi VB, Hounhouigan JD, Ayernor GS. 2005. La production et la commercialization du Lanhouin, un condiment à base de poisson fermenté du Golfe du Bénin. Cahiers Agricultures 14(3), 23-330.

AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemist Inc: Virginia, USA.

Beard J. 2008. Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. Journal of Nutrition 138(12), 2534-2540.

De Knegt RJ, Brink HVD. 1998. Improvement of the drying oven method for the Determination of the Moisture Content of Milk Powder. International Dairy Journal 8, 733-738.

Degnon RG, Faton A, Adjou ES, Tchobo FP, Dahouenon-Ahoussi E, Soumanou MM, Sohounhloue DCK. 2013. Efficacité comparée des huiles essentielles de deux plantes aromatiques dans la conservation post-fumage du Chinchard (Trachurus trachurus). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 19(1), 2813-2839.

Dobbing J, Sands J. 1979. Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Human Development 3, 79-83.

Dossa R, Ahouandjinou E, Houngbe F. 2011. Evaluation of the suitability and acceptability of a newly designed infant flour for infant feeding in the district of bopa in south of Benin. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Developpement 11(4), 4934-4952.

Duggan C, Watkins J, Walker A. 2008. Nutrition in Pediatrics: basic science, clinical applications. BC Decker. 30 p.

FAO. 2006. Food and Agriculture Organisation / World Health Organisation. Codex Alimentarius : Aliments diététiques ou de régime (y compris les aliments destinés aux nourrissons et enfants en bas âge). 2nd Ed, Rome 194(4), 18 – 67.

FAO. 2000. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics capture production 86(1), 99- 100

Geissler C, Powers H. 2005. Human Nutrition, eleventh edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 246 p.

Hulthen L.  2003.  Iron  deficiency  and  cognition. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 47(3), 152-156.

Jildeh C, Papandreou C, Abu Mourad T. 2010. Assessing the Nutritional Status of Palestinian Adolescents from East Jerusalem: a School-based Study 2002-03. Journal of Tropical Pediatrcs 31, 89-94.

Lee M. 2009. Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data, 4th Edition. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 507 p.

Lovinger R. 1980. Rickets. Pediatrics 66(3), 359-365.

Matkovic V. 1991. Calcium metabolism and calcium requirements during skeletal modeling and consolidation of bone mass. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 245-260.

Ogbeibu AE. 2005. Biostatistics, a Practical Approach to Researchand DataHandling. Mindex Publishing Company Ltd. BeninCity, Nigeria, 264 p.

Oshodi AA. 1992. Proximate composition, nutritionally valuable minerals and functional properties of Adenopus breviflorus Benth. seed flour and protein concentrate. Food Chemistry 45, 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90013-R

Pearson D. 1976. The chemical analysis of foods. 6th ed., New York: Chemical Publishers Co.

Rampersad F, Laloo S, Laborde A, Maharaj K, Sookhai L, Teelucksingh J, Reid S. 1999. Bacteriological quality of raw oysters in Trinidad and the attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of the public about its consumption. Epidemiological infection 123, 241-250.

Singh K, Frisvad JC, Thrane U, Mathu SB. 1991. An illustrated manual on identification of some seed borne Aspergilli, Fusaria, Penicillia and their mycotoxins. Heller up, Denmark: Danish Government, Institute of seed pathology for developing countries.

Thomas B, Bishop J. 2007. Manual of Dietetic Practice, Fourth Edition. Blackwell Publishing.

Tierney EP, Sage RJ, Shwayder T. 2010. Kwashiorkor from a severe dietary restriction in an 8-month infant in suburban Detroit, Michigan: case report and review of the literature. International Journal of Dermatology 49(5), 500-506.

Tossou S. 2010. Rapport national d’évaluation de l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires dans la commercialisation des produits de la pêche au Bénin, 8 p.

Trèche S, De Benoist B, Benbouzid D, Delpeuch F. 1995. Technique pour augmenter la densité énergétique des bouillies. In: (Eds). L’alimentation de complément du jeune enfant. Actes d’un atelier OMS/ORSTOM inter-pays, Université Senghor, Alexandrie. 123-145.

Walter T. 2003. Effect of iron-deficiency anaemia on cognitive skills and neuromaturation in infancy and childhood. Food Nutrition Bulletin 24(4), 104-110.

Article source : Evaluation of the microbiological and nutritional quality of two types of fish flours fromEthmalosa fimbriata for their use as a dietary supplement   

Read More

Morpho-physiological characterization of cultivated rice (Oryza spp. ) during early vegetative growth under different soil water conditions - IJAAR

• David Montcho1,2*, Koichi Futakuchi1, Gustave Djedatin3, Mamadou Fofana4, Baboucarr Manneh5, Clement Agbangla2, Corneille Ahanhanzo2

1. Physiology Unit, Africa Rice Center, Cotonou, Benin
2. Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
3. Department of Genetic, Polytechnic University of Abomey, Dassa, Benin
4. Physiology Unit Africa Rice Center Ibadan, Nigeria
5. Irrigated Rice Breeding Unit, Africa Rice Center, Sahel Station Saint Louis Senegal

In rainfed rice cultivation, weeds, low or no fertiliser inputs and no water control can be production constraints. Vegetative early vigor may favour weed competitiveness. Since Oryza glaberrima is considered as genetic resources for this characteristic, growth analyses of three lines were made from seeds to juvenile plants of 35 days after seed soaking (DAS) in a pot experiment with two O. sativa under two soil water regimes: soil of water saturation without standing water (SAT) and soil of a wet surface without water saturation (WET). 

After germination, total dry weigh decreased (heterotrophic phase using carbohydrate reserve in kernels) then increased during autotrophic phase. Start of autotrophic phase was earlier in SAT than in WET (6.2 vs 7.6 DAS) and kernel weight lost was also higher in SAT (93 vs 82 %). Total dry weight was smaller in SAT than in WET at 5 DAS but larger at and after 11 DAS. The carbohydrate reserve in kernels was more rapidly and sufficiently used for seedling growth in SAT than in WET; the growth phase more quickly shifted from the hetero trophic to auto trophic in SAT than in WET then growth after the sift was better in SAT. Leaf area (determined at and after 13 DAS) was always larger in SAT than in WET. Varietal difference in total dry weight became significant (P<0.05) at 28 DAS; the O. glaberrima lines showed larger total dry weight than O. sativa varieties and difference between the two species was more obvious in SAT.

Journal Name: International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

Publication Name: International Network For Natural Sciences (INNSPUB)

DOWNLOAD PDF

Read More

Impact of climate change on cattle production and adaptation in the municipality of Banikoara in Benin | IJAAR

• S. Katé1, P.V. Houndonougbo2, U.P. Tougan3, A. Tchobo4, N. Gounou4, O.J.
  Ogodja4, B. Tinte5, E. Ogouwale5, S. Diarra6, B.A. Sinsin2

1. Institut National des Recherches agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Republic of Benin
2. Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
3. Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
4. Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche (MAEP), Republic of Benin
5. Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des Sciences Humaines de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
6. Université du Mali/Institut Polytechnique Rural de Formation et de Recherche Appliquée de
   Katibougou, Republic of Mali

This study aims to determine the composition of cattle herds, the perception of cattle breeders on climate changes and adaptation means used in the municipality of Banikoara in Benin. It appears that 69-85% of cattle breeders are from Fulani ethnic group. Livestock production is their main activity (60-85%; p <0.05). Their secondary activity was agriculture.

The number of males by herd varied between 9 and 15 with the highest amount recorded in district 9 (p <0.05). The number of females by herd varied from 20 to 34 with the greatest amount met in the district 10 (p <0.05). The highest amount of introduced females (3) was found in district 4 (p <0.05). The average amount of males and females kept by cattle breeders one year ago had decreased respectively from 18 to 16 and from 35 to 31 (p <0.05). All breeders were married. 98.5% of breeders indicate a significant impact of climate change on livestock production.

The reported indicators of climate change were: frequent droughts, winds, excessive heat, the late rains and frequent floods. 76-100% of farmers reported overgrazing, pastoral productivity reduction, water resources declining, narrowing corridors and crop residues reduction.

The adaptation means used by breeders include transhumance, enhancement of crop residues, medical prophylaxis, strengthening of the committees of transhumance corridors management, creation of water dams and installation of fodder reserves, introduction of new breeds, and improvement of cattle performances by selection.

Full Article Available at: Volume 6, Number 2, February 2015 – IJAAR

Publisher: International Network for Natural Sciences (INNSPUB)

Read More

Conversion of chicken muscle to meat and factors affecting chicken meat quality: a review

• Polycarpe Ulbad Tougan1, Mahamadou Dahouda2, Chakirath Folakè Arikè Salifou1,Serge Gbênagnon Ahounou Ahounou1, Marc T. Kpodekon1, Guy Apollinaire Mensah3,André Thewis4, Issaka Youssao Abdou Karim1

1. Department of Animal Production and Health, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009, Cotonou, Republic of Benin
2. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomic Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526, Republic of Benin
3. Agricultural Research Center of Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Republic of Benin
4. Animal Sciences Unit, Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium

Chicken meat results from overall biochemical and mechanical changes of the muscles after the slaughtering process. The transformation of muscle in meat is a control point in the determinism of meat quality. Several and complex factors can affect poultry meat quality properties. Therefore, genotype, age, sex, type of muscle, the structure of muscle fiber, production system, feeding, feed and water withdrawal, transport, slaughter process, post mortem aging time promote a significant difference in parameters of technological, sensorial, and nutritional quality of chicken meat.

However, differences in meat quality exist between fast and slow-growing chicken genotypes. Furthermore, older chickens present a lower ultimate pH, redder breast meat, higher shear force, and drip loss, lower yield, and more important intramuscular fat. At equivalent age, the male chickens are less fatty than the females, while crude protein content is higher in males than females.

Production systems, such as traditional free-range and improved farming, promote differences in color, texture, chemical composition, and the fatty acid composition of meat, with the higher protein content, the lower fat content, and favorable fatty acid profile reported from chicken of free range system.

The motory activity of birds in free-range results in tough texture and high cooking loss in the meat during heating (80-100°C). Diet composition affects fatty acid composition and meat flavor. Higher breast meat redness was found in birds that were transported for the shortest distance or not transported than in those after a long distance.

Full Article Available at Volume 3, Number 8, August 2013 – IJAAR

Journal: International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

Read More