Response of maize productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract | IJAAR

By: Rasha SA El-Moursy, Abido WAE, Badawi MA

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

Abstract

The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract levels on the productivity of maize. Two field experiments were conducted at private farm at Algraydh Village, Bialla district, Kafrelshiekh Governorate, Egypt during 2017 and 2018 seasons. The treatments were allocated in a strip-plot design with four replications.

The vertical-plots were devoted to nitrogen fertilizer levels (60, 80, 100 and 120kgN fed^-1). While, the horizontal-plots were assigned to spraying with blue green algae levels (without as control, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0g L^-1). Increasing fertilizer levels up to 120kg N fed^-1 significantly exceeded other levels of nitrogen fertilizer and produced the highest averages of growth characters, yield and grain quality, followed by using 100kg N fed^-1 and there is no significant differences between them in most studied growth characters and yields in both seasons. Foliar spraying with 6.0g L^-1 significantly surpassed other treatments and recorded the maximum averages of growth, yield and its components and grains quality of maize, followed by spraying plants with 4.5g L^-1 and without significant differences between them in all studied characters in both seasons. Generally, mineral fertilizing maize with 100kgN fed^‑1 (saved 20kgN fed^‑1) beside spraying with algae extract at 4.5g L^-1 were recommended for enhancing productivity and seed quality of maize moreover, reducing the pollution resulted from high levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer under the environmental conditions of Kafrelshiekh Governorate Egypt. 

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L) is consider one of the major cereal worldwide crops, it is use mainly as human consumption, livestock feed, for industrial purposes as a source of oil, starch extraction and production as well as ethanol production. Its grains contain about 10% protein, 4.8% oil, 8.5% fiber, 66.7% starch, and 7% ash (Khan et al., 2008 and Pavão and Filho, 2011). The allocated area harvested in Egypt reached about 1.08 million hectare with total production 8.00 million tons. But, in the world the total harvested area reached about 187.95 million hectare, with total production 1.06 milliard tons according to (FAO, 2018). Increasing maize production became one of the most important goals of the world to face human and animal demands. Undoubtedly, mineral nitrogen composites i.e. NH4+ and NO3‒ range about 5% of the total nitrogen in soil, although they are consider the useful form of the nutrient absorbed by plants, also mineral nitrogen fertilizer is applied in large quantities to maintain the nutritional condition of different cereal crops life systems (Brady and Weil, 2008). 

 

Mineral nitrogen fertilizer is an important factor of aggro technical practices and essential for increasing growth, production and quality of plants. Nitrogen availability plays a vital role during plant growth stages, due to it is a major component of many composites necessary for plant growth processes such as the component of protoplasm, chlorophyll formation, increase the activity of meristematic, cell division, increases cell size, increase internodes length, proteins content, nucleic acids content such as DNA and component of ATP as energy-transfer composites (Haque et al., 2001 and Iqbal et al., 2006), organize the availability utilization of phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients in plants (Brady and Weil, 2002), increase the accumulation of dry matter due to increase in leaf area and thus absorb more solar radiation (Purcell et al., 2002 and Shanahan et al., 2008). Many researchers noticed that apply of nitrogen at an adequate quantity is always vital for produce well growth and development of maize plants. In this connection, nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced plant height, leaf area, stalk diameter, ear height, weight of ear plant-1, 100-grain weight, grains and straw yield ha-1 as well as grain quality (Almodares et al., 2009 and Gruzska et al., 2016). Raising nitrogen fertilizer levels from 90 to 126kgN fed-1 produced the highest grains and straw yields per unit area (Karasu, 2012; Seadh et al., 2013; Gruzska et al., 2016; Abebe and Feyisa, 2017 and Abera et al., 2017). While, application of 150 or 180kg N ha-1 produced the maximum averages of plant height, leaf area, number of seed row-1, grains and straw yield ha-1, protein, oil and carbohydrate contents in maize plants (Cheema et al., 2010; Aghdam et al., 2014; Ali and Anjum, 2017 and Zeleke et al., 2018).

Nowadays, a foliar fertilizers becomes directly available in the plant because it makes them perfect for correcting nutrient deficiencies and they are 100% water soluble. In addition, the prices of agrochemicals became more expensive especially mineral nitrogen, these make farmers with low income from the production of field crops. Foliar spraying is considering one of important technique of fertilization, which may help plants partially compensate the deficient of nutrients uptake by the roots (Ling and Moshe, 2002). So, the use of blue green algae extracts as a source of nitrogen save and moderately the requires of mineral nitrogen in most crop production. 

 

In recent times, there is a great consideration of creating novel relationship between agronomically vital plants, such as wheat, maize and N2 -fixing microorganisms including cyanobacteria (Chen, 2006). Blue green algae extract can use for sustainable agriculture, which, it contains macro and micro elements, natural enzymes, auxins and cytokinins in numerous amounts, also plays vital role in stimulate root establishment, root elongation and enhance vegetative growth of plants (Shaaban, 2001; Zhang and Ervin, 2004 and Raupp and Oltmanns, 2006). Foliar application of algae extract has been noticed to increase photosynthetic pigments, crop growth, total biomass, yield and yield components as well as quality, increase nutrient uptake, resistance to stress conditions and growth promoting hormones (Ghalab and Salem, 2001). It can use as bio-fertilizers which enhanced the vegetative growth of main cereal crops i.e. wheat, rice and maize (Aziz and Hashem, 2004 and Arora et al., 2010).

In addition, it increases the functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus through raised chlorophyll content, total carbohydrates content, starch, amino acids and protein (Yassen et al., 2007). Algae extracts also, are important source of potassium and contains considerable amounts of P, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and Mn (Abd El-Mawgoud et al., 2010 and Marrez et al., 2014). Moreover, spraying algae extracts at the rate of 3.5 or 4.5g L-1 caused an increase in productivity and quality of sugar beet plants (Enan et al., 2016).
Thus, the present study has been undertaken to assess the role of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, blue green algae extract levels and its combination on the productivity of maize plants under the ecological studies of the experiments site.

Articles Source:  Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 10-20.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.

Response of maize productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract by International Network for Natural Sciences on Scribd

Citation Sample

Rasha SA El-Moursy, Abido WAE, Badawi MA.
Response of maize productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and spraying with blue green algae extract. Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 10-20.
https://innspub.net/ijaar/response-maize-productivity-nitrogen-fertilizer-spraying-blue-green-algae-extract/

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Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches to organic agriculture in Kocaeli, Turkey | JBES

By: Mehmet Veysel Ayhan, Aysun Cavusoglu

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper / manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

Plant production is becoming more important day by day with organic agriculture, one of the agricultural production systems. Plant protection applications with the right method are regarded as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable organic agriculture.

This study was conducted to identify the present situation in plant protection practices performed by organic agriculture enterprises on plant production and frequently faced problems such as pests, diseases, weeds and plant physiology in their fields in Kocaeli. A further purpose was to determine farmers’ approaches to these problems as well as organic agriculture in plant production. In this regard, the study was carried out in the middle of 2016 by a face to face close and open ended questionnaire following a full count method in Kocaeli Province in Turkey. The data show that there are various solved and unresolved biotic and abiotic problems in organic plant farming. According to the results weeds, aphids, late blight and downy mildew are as biotic, short time period of vegetation and forest are as abiotic are mostly facing problem in the fields. “Plant Protection problems” is stated as the second most important subject by farmers. In addition farmers’ awareness and expectations were revealed in the organic farming system. According to the results. Kocaeli has farmers who are aware and well educated that applies the main principles of organic agriculture, yet they remain incapable for plant protection in organic agriculture and for some other issues independent of this subject. Get the full articles at  J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 46-60, January 2019.

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.

Plant protection applicatio... by International Network For N... on Scribd

Citation Sample

Mehmet Veysel Ayhan, Aysun Cavusoglu.
Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches to organic agriculture in Kocaeli, Turkey.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 46-60, January 2019.
https://innspub.net/jbes/plant-protection-applications-organic-agriculture-farmers-approaches-organic-agriculture-kocaeli-turke/

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Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake | IJAAR

 By: WA Oyange, GN Chemining’wa, JI Kanya, PN Njiruh

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

Rice farmers in Mwea Irrigation Scheme routinely apply P and N fertilizers which affect water nutrient levels. A study was conducted to establish the effects of nutrient N and P application on Azolla biomass accumulation. The study was conducted in a batch culture experiment, using 5g of fresh Azolla biomass samples from each of the six major paddy schemes namely: Mwea, Ahero, West Kano, Bunyala, TARDA, and Taveta.

Treatments consisted of 0 and 3mg P l^-1 and 0 and 200mg N l^-1, laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times.  Azolla samples were grown in batch culture plastic pots of 8.4 x 10^-3m³ for 10 days using canal water, which was replenished every three days. Fresh Azolla biomass weight was recorded at 0, 5 and 10 days after inoculation. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package version 9.1 and means separated using the least significant difference test (p≤0.05). The pH levels in irrigation water averaged 7.2 while N, P and K levels were 20.2, 11.6 and 15ppm respectively. Tissue N and K for Azolla accession averaged 4.2% and 1.6% respectively. Biomass accumulation and doubling time of Azolla were significantly affected by exogenous P and N nutrient application. Doubling time ranged from 5.5 days to 6.7. Application N and P significantly reduced Azolla biomass accumulation and increased biomass doubling time.

 

Introduction

Azolla is a pteridophyte which forms a symbiotic association with a cyanobacterium-Anabaena azollae (Bocchi et al., 2010) and fixes nitrogen at a rate higher than legumes (Wagner, 1997). A study on Azolla has reported that Azolla contains 4.5% N, 0.4% P and 1.5- 3% K (Watanabe, 1989). In Mwea Irrigation Scheme, the existing species was found to contain 3.9% N, 0.44% P, and 1.08% K (unpublished). Azolla is capable of providing 40kg N ha-1 to the rice crop due to its nitrogen content which is released upon decomposition (Kannaiyan et al., 1982) reported that. This can reduce the cost of rice crop inorganic fertilizer, which constitutes 20% of rice production cost in Mwea Irrigation Scheme (Rice MAPP, 2012). In Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Azolla coverage is estimated at 30-50% during peak times and this is majorly dependent upon water availability (unpublished). Nutrient status and other environmental factors are major factors affecting Azolla biomass growth (Wagner, 1997). 

Extensive and intensive inorganic fertilizer use forms the primary source of the water nutrient status and eutrophication in water bodies (FAO/ECE, 1991). Depending on the levels, this can cause atmospheric, aquatic and ground water system pollution (Choudhury et al., 2005). Farmers in Mwea irrigation scheme apply estimated P and N fertilizer amounts of 58kg of P2O5 and 56kg of N per hectare respectively, based on recommendations by Wanjogu et al. (1997). These fertilizers applied contribute to the water nutrient status being conducive for Azolla growth. The nitrogen fixing ability of Azolla makes it able to grow in nitrogen deficient waters (Watanabe, 1979; Hussner, 2010). However, its growth is limited by the nutrient element P (Kitoh et al., 1993). Kondo et al. (1989) reported a maximum growth rate for Azolla under application of 3.1ppm P with a threshold limit of 0.5-0.6% P. 

The level of phosphorus in water bodies is varied and can be high due to fertilizer use and runoff. This can lead to Azolla blooms in paddies or flood waters. Depending on the water nutrient status, Azolla multiplies fast; doubling its biomass in less than 10 days and readily colonizes new areas (Campbell, 2011). Hussner (2010) reported a doubling rate of 3-10 days, while Kitoh (1993) reported a doubling rate of 2-3 days under laboratory conditions. The nutrient P is important for Azolla growth and reproduction (Sadeghi, 2012). Its deficiency has been shown to hinder the acetylene reduction activity (Tung et al., 1989). However, excess levels of nutrient P has been reported to have a negative effect on Azolla growth (Pitt et al., 2014). 

According to Rains et al. (1979), a P level of 0.34ppm is the lower threshold limit below which there is deficiency. Subudhi et al., (1981) reported that external P level of 5ppm is the higher threshold limit beyond which Azolla tissue N content is affected negatively. The nutrient N is important for Azolla growth but because of its N fixing ability, it is capable of growing in N free media (Hussner, 2010). External N has been shown to inhibit the activity of acetylene reductase activity (Yatazawa et al., 1980). Kitoh, 1991 showed that external ammonia N negatively affects Azolla growth and N fixation activity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of P and N on Azolla biomass growth and tissue N and P uptake, in Mwea Irrigation Scheme. Get the full articles and pdf at: Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 1-9, February 2019.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.

Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass by International Network For N... on Scribd

Citation Sample

WA Oyange, GN Chemining’wa, JI Kanya, PN Njiruh.
Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake. Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(2), 1-9, February 2019.

Reference

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Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds | JBES

By: Hanif Khan, Alam Zeb, Waqar Khan, Umer Zeb, Irfan Ullah, Kishwar Ali, Zahid Khan, Peng Zhao

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper / manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity.

Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. 

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper/manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds. Full articles with pdf at:
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 26-33, January 2019.

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.

Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds | JBES from Innspub Net

Citation Sample

Hanif Khan, Alam Zeb, Waqar Khan, Umer Zeb, Irfan Ullah, Kishwar Ali, Zahid Khan, Peng Zhao. Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 14(1), 26-33, January 2019. https://innspub.net/jbes/effects-roasting-total-phenolic-contents-radical-scavenging-activity-fruits-seeds/

Reference:

Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of fruits seeds

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Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda | IJAAR

By: Kanaabi Michael, Tusiime, Geoffrey, Tukamuhabwa, Phinehas, Zziwa, Simon, JL Andaku, Lamo, Jimmy

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

Bacterial leaf streak disease (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzicola) is a devastating disease of rice that is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast. In 2014, researchers in Uganda confirmed the occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) in the country.

Having been only recently confirmed in the country, the agronomic response of rice genotypes to the disease has not been studied and therefore the extent of damage to rice due to bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) has not yet been estimated. A study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the agronomic response of rice genotypes with varying levels of reaction to BLS. Spray inoculation was done 30 days after planting and data collected on BLS incidence and severity starting 15 days after inoculation, then every 10 days for the next 40 days. Data were also collected on yield and yield components at maturity. A strong positive correlation (r=0.99) was found to exist between BLS AUDPC and loss in 1000 grain weight. Regression of AUDPC against yield loss was found to be highly significant (P=0.002), with a high coefficient of determination (R²-0.98). The study revealed that BLS caused yield losses of 0.8-19.2% and losses in panicle fertility of 2.1-13.6%. Source of the articles: Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 14(1), 1-10, January 2019.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.

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Detection of fungi associated with water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Iraq and their pathogenicity under controlled condition | JBES

By: Hurria Hussien Al-Juboory, Hussein Sadeq Musa

JBES welcome all respective authors to submit their research paper/manuscripts, thesis paper in the field of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Ecology, Taxonomy and many more via online submission panel

The study was carried out in the laboratories at the Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University to isolate and identify the species of fungi that associated with water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. The samples were   collected from Tigris river side’s at Al- Kraat area in north of Baghdad, Iraq.

The presence ratios of fungi were recorded and their pathogenicity was tested.  Results of isolation and identification showed  the presence of fourteen fungi associated with water Hyacinth leaves including; Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus,  Aspergillus niger,  Drechslera sp.,  Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp.,  Fusarium solani,  Macrophomina   phaseolin,  Mucor sp., Mycelia Sterile Fungi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Ulocladium sp.,  Rhizopus  sp. and Trichoderma sp. at different percentages . However, the percentages of presence were deferent and the most frequently were A. alternata and Rhizopus sp. reached 76.33% and 80.40 % respectively.

The percentages of the other fungi were ranged between 4.25% -30.60 %.   It has been found that nine of these fungi, the more prevalent, showed  high capacity of inducing infection on Water hyacinth leaves at percentages ranged between44.4% – 100% compared with zero infection in control. Macrophomina   phaseolina, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizopus sp. were found to be the more pathogenic with disease severity attained to 100 %. Different symptoms were developed on the leaves inoculated with different fungi as spotting and wilting followed by leaves dryness. This is the first report for fungi associated with water hyacinth leaves at   Al-Kraat area in Iraq. Get the full articles at: J. Bio. Env. Sci. 12(2), 24-31, February 2018.

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences-JBES is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences-INNSPUB. JBES published original scientific articles in different field of Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. JBES published 2 Volume and 12 issue per calender year.

Detection of fungi associat... by International Network For N... on Scribd

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Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAAR

"" IJAAR welcome all of you to submit your research paper for publication in the field of Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulture etc. Please submit your manuscripts via Online submission panel.""

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.

In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples. Get the full articles at- Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 12(6), 146-154, June 2018.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research - IJAAR is an open-access scholarly research journal, published by International Network for Natural Sciences. IJAAR publishes original scientific research articles in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences. IJAAR published 2 Volume and 12 issue per the calendar year.

Reference:

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Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAAR from Innspub Net

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